Biological invasion (生物学的侵入)
- Contents
- Biological invasion
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(sensu lato) human-assisted introductions of species taht expands natural range
Table. Classification of species that are introduced from the outside Term General meaning Richardson et al. (2000) for plants Native species a species that is a part of the original ecosystem of the area in question. Exotic species a species that is not native to the region (country) in which it is found with and without human activity.
See also, weedIntroduced species a species introduced from another geographical region through human activity. the plant (or its propagule) has been transported by humans across a major geographical barrier Naturalized species an introduced species that has become adapted to a new region. the palnt starts when abiotic and biotic barriers to survival are surmounted and when various barriers to regular reproduction are overcome Invasive species an exotic species that becomes a component of native ecosystems in the region.
Example: Larix kaempferi on Mount Koma, northern Japanthe plant further requires that introduced plants produce reproductive offspring in areas distant from sites of introduction (> ca 100 m over < ca 50 years for taxa spreading by seeds and other propagules; > ca 6 m/3 years for taxa spreading by roots, rhizomes, stolons or creeping stems)
Invasions of exotic species into new geographical areas sometimes occur naturally and without human agency. However, human actions have increased this trickle to a flood ... Many introduced species are assimilated into communities without much obvious effect (Townsend et al., 2000).
- Invasive alien species (IAS)
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Biological meaning
Non-native species invades an ecosystem and leads environmental harm, in particular, decreasing biodiversity. The causes of invasion are mostly originated from human disturbances, such as climate change, pollution, and habitat loss.
Socio-economical meaning
In addition to bilogical meaning, IAS adversely affects economy, e.g., agriculture, forestry and fisheries, or human health. The effects of IAS is often evaluated by the cost.
- References
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- Akasaka, M. & Tsuyuzaki, S. 2005. Tree seedling performance on microhabitats along an elevational gradient on Mount Koma, Japan. Journal of Vegetation Science 16: 647-654
- Akasaka, M., Tsuyuzaki, S. & Hase, A. 2007. Annual growth of invasive Larix kaempferi seedlings with reference to microhabitat and ectomycorrhiza1 colonization on a volcano. Journal of Plant Research 120: 329-336
- Kondo, T. & Tsuyuzaki, S. 1999. Natural regeneration patterns of the introduced larch, Larix kaempferi (Pinaceae) on the volcano Mount Koma, northern Japan. Diversity and Distributions 5: 223-233
- Richardson, D.M., Pysek, P., Rejmanek, M., Barbour, M.G., Panetta, F.D. & West, C.J. 2000. Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions. Diversity and Distributions 6: 93-107
- Townsend, C.R., Harper, J.L. & Begon, M. 2000. Essentials of ecology. Blackwell Science, Boston
- Titus, J.H. & Tsuyuzaki, S. 2003. Influence of a non-native invasive tree on primary succession at Mt. Koma, Hokkaido, Japan. Plant Ecology 169: 307-315
- weed
See also
- Pysek, P., Richardson, D.M., Rejmanek, M., Webster, G.L., Williamson, M. & Kirschner, J. 2004. Alien plants in checklists and floras: towards better communication between taxonomists and ecologists. Taxon 53: 131-143