Forest (森林)
- Forest
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A dense growth of trees, plants, and underbrush covering a large area.
but..., how dense?An ecosystem or assemblage of ecosystems dominated by trees and other woody vegetation.
... still, but how dominated?Defined by the US National Vegetation Classification System
Forest
consisting of trees with overlapping crowns forming 60% to 100% cover
Woodland
Opened with 25% to 60% cover
- Forest type
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On the global scale, forest types are classifed by temperature and precipitation. However, classification systems are not unified.
Tropical forest Temperate forest Boreal forest 
The background of plantation for conducting agroforestry is a natural rainforest at Los Banos. Philippines. The dominant species are tall, evergreen broad-leaved trees. When precipitation decreases, the forest changes to seasonal forest. It is often the same with deciduous (borad-leaved) forest. Check tree species in Hokkaido, Japan. In Hokkaido, mixed forest with evergreen and decidous trees is also found. Boreal forest is eqivalent to taiga, or includes southerly part of taiga. Taiga is characterized by needle-leaved trees, such as Picea mariana in Alaska (Photo) and Larix gmelinii in eastern Siberia. Permafrost is related to the distribution patterns of taiga. The photo shows a wildfire occurring in P. mariana forest. - References
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- biome (バイオーム)
- lifeform (生活型)
- mixed forest (針広混交林)
- physiognomy
- forest zones of the Cascades
- Kondo, T. & Tsuyuzaki, S. 1999. Natural regeneration patterns of the introduced larch, Larix kaempferi (Pinaceae), on the volcano Mount Koma, northern Japan. Diversity and Distributions 5: 223-233