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Bird (鳥類)






Mount Usu / Sarobetsu post-mined peatland
From left: Crater basin in 1986 and 2006. Cottongrass / Daylily

Bird (Aves)

Class: Aves Linnaeus (1758), ca 10,000 spp.

Feathered, winged, bipedal, warm-blooded and egg-laying vertebrates

Bird greatly contributes seed dispersal of plants

[Field training: integrated environmental research: fauna and flora (種リスト), avifauna (鳥類リスト), insect (昆虫), mammal (哺乳類)]

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bird bird
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Taxonomy (分類)


Subclass Archaeornithes 古鳥亜綱

developing teeth
Archaeoteryx (= Archaeornis) 始祖鳥: after Cretaceous

Subclass Neornithes 新鳥亜綱

Order Odontognahta 歯顎目
Cretaceous-Eocene
Order Ichthyornithes 魚鳥目
Cretaceous

0. Struthioniformes (Ratitae), 走鳥類

not fly in the present
Order Struthioninformes ダチョウ
Struthionidae, ostrich
Order Sphenisciformes (penguin, ペンギン)
Rheidae, rhea: Paleocene–Holocene
Casuariidae, cassowary
Dromaiidae, emu
Aepyornithidae, elephant bird: extinct
Dinornithidae, moa: extinct
Apterygidae, kiwi

1. Geornithes 地鳥類

live on ground
Order Galliformes キジ
after Eocene. brids in Japan are resident, excpet quail
Phasianidae キジ: most species feed grass seeds on the ground (rarely feed insects. the feet are covered with feather
Subfam Rollulinae
Subfam Phasianinae
Phasianus soemmerringii ヤマドリ, P. colchicus キジ pheasant
Bambusicola thoracica コジュケイ
Coturnix coturnix ウズラ quail
Tetraonidae (ライチョウ): the feet are not covered with feather, often including into Phasianidae
Lagopus lagopus L. 1758 (カラフトライチョウ), willow ptarmigan
willow ptarmigan Lagopus muta Montin 1781, syn. L. mutus, (ライチョウ) grouse

atkhensis Turner 1882
dixoni Grinnell 1909
evermanni Elliot D. G. 1896
gerasimovi Red'kin 2005
helvetica Thienemann 1829
hyperborea Sundevall 1845
islandorum Faber 1822
japonica Clark A. H. 1907, Honshu (Japan)
kurilensis Kuroda 1924
macruros Schiøler 1925
millaisi Hartert 1923
muta Montin 1781
nadezdae Serebrovski 1926
nelsoni Stejneger 1884
pleskei Serebrovski 1926
pyrenaica Hartert 1921
reinhardi Brehm C. L. 1824
ridgwayi Stejneger 1884
rupestris Gmelin J. F. 1789
saturata Salomonsen 1950
townsendi Elliot D. G. 1896
welchi Brewster 1885
yunaskensis Gabrielson et Lincoln

Tetrastes bonasia (エゾライチョウ)
Tetrao urogallus (ヨーロッパオオライチョウ) capercaillie
Order Gruiformes (Alectorides) ツル
Otididae ノガン
Gruidae ツル: Grus ツル crane
Rallidae クイナ
Order Limicolae-Lari シギ・カモメ
Larus カモメ gull
Order Alciae ウミスズメ
Order Ansers ガンカモ
Order Phoenicopteri ベニヅル(フラミンゴ)
Order Gressores コウサギ
Ardea アオサギ grey heron
Order Accipitres (ワシタカ)
after Eocene. coarnivore, ♀ > ♂
Accipitridae (タカ), wing tips open like fingers
White-tailed eagle
Range of Heliaeetus albicilla. = nesting range, = wintering range, = year-round range
Falconidae (ハヤブサ), sharp wings and a long tail: Falco peregrinus ハヤブサ

Hamamatsucho WA

Order Steganopodes ウ
Phalacrocorax ウ cormorant
P. capillatus ウミウ(used for cormorant fishing)
P. carbo カワウ
P. melanoleucos Vieillot 1817 シロハラコビトウ, little pied cormorant, Kawaupaka
Order Tubinares ミズナギドリ
Order Pygopodes アビ

2. Dendronithes 樹鳥類

Order Cuculi ホトトギス
four species in Japan → all species are brood parasitism → not building the nests
Cuculidae ホトトギス
Cuculus poliocephalus ホトトギス, C. canorus カッコウ: north to Shikoku, C.saturatus ツツドリ: north to Shikoku, C. fugax ジュウイチ: north to Shikoku
Order Columbae ハト
Columbidae ハト: herbivorous
Sphenurus sieboldii アオバト, Columba janthina カラスバト, Streptopelia orientalis キジバト(ヤマバト), S. decaoto シラコバト(ドバト/デンショバト) = カワラバト C. livia breeing species
Order Psittaci オウム
Order Strigesフクロウ
Strigidaeフクロウ, carnivorous, nocturnal habit
Strix (フクロウ, 梟)
S. uralensis フクロウ

four subspecies in Japan: fuscescens Temminck et Schlegel 1850 (キュウシュウフクロウ), hondoensis Clark 1907 (フクロウ), momiyamae Taka-Tsukasa 1931 (モミヤマフクロウ), japonica Clark 1907 (エゾフクロウ)

Order Caprimulgi ヨタカ
Caprimulgidae ヨタカ: nests built on the ground. Caprimulgus indicus ヨタカ
Order Coracii ブッポウソウ
Alcedinidae カワセミ
Halcyon coromanda アカショウビン, Alcedo atthis カワセミ, Ceryle lugubris ヤマセミ
Coraciidae ブッポウソウ, insectivorous: Eurystomus orientalis ブッポウソウ
Order Macrochires アマツバメ
Apodidae アマツバメ: Apus pacificus アマツバメ
Order Pici キツツキ
Picidae キツツキ: in forest

Picus canus ヤマゲラ, Dryocopus martius クマゲラ, Dendrocopos kizuki コゲラ Japanese pygmy woodpecker

Ramphastidae オオハシ
Order Passeresスズメ
Hirundinidae ツバメ

Hirundo rustica ツバメ, Delichon urbica イワツバメ

Pittidae ヤイロチョウ
Alaudidae ヒバリ
Alauda arvensis ヒバリ skylark
Passeridae Illiger 1811 (スズメ), (true) sparrows
Passer Brisson 1760 (スズメ), sparrows
P. domesticus L. 1758 (イエスズメ), cosmopolitan in the Old World
Motacillidae セキレイ Motacilla cinerea キセキレイ
Anthus タヒバリ
Campephagidae (Vigors 1825) サンショウクイ
Pycnonotidae ヒヨドリ: Hypsipetes amaurotis ヒヨドリ
Laniidae モズ: carnivorous, solitary life: Lanius bucephalus モズ
Bombycillidae (Swainson 1831) レンジャク: Bombycilla garrulus キレンジャク, B. japonica ヒレンジャク
Cinclidae (Sundevall 1836) カワガラス, resident bird in mountain streams: Cinclus pallasii カワガラス
Troglodytidae (Swainson 1832) ミソサザイ: Troglodytes troglodytes ミソサザイ
Prunellidae (Richmond 1908) イワヒバリ: omnivorous
Muscicapoidea ヒタキ
Subfam Turdinae ツグミ

Erithacus akahige コマドリ, E. komadori アカヒゲ(天然記念物), Saxicola torquata ノビタキ, Turdus naumanni ツグミ, Zoothera dauma aurea トラツグミ White's Thrush

Subfam Sylvinae ウグイス

Cettia ウグイス (C. squameiceps ヤブサメ, C. diphone ウグイス), Locustella センニュウ, Acrocephalus ヨシキリ (A. arundinaceus オオヨシキリ), Phylloscopus ムシクイ

Subfam Muscicapinae ヒタキ (Muscicapa narcissina キビタキ, M. syanomelana オオルリ
Dicruridae カササギヒタキ
Paridae (シジュウ)カラ chickadee
Sittidae ゴジュウカラ: Sitta europaea ゴジュウカラ
Certhiidae キバシリ
Zosteropidae Bonaparte 1853 メジロ: Zosterops メジロ (Z. japonicus Temminck et Schlegel 1845 メジロ, Z. palpebrosa Temminck 1824 ハイバラメジロ)
Emberizidae ホオジロ: Emberiza cioides, indigo bunting
Fringillidae アトリ: Carduelis flammea (L.)ベニヒワ, カワラヒワ, ベニマシコ, ウソ, イカル, シメ, ハワイミツスイ(Hawaiian honeycreepers, endemic to Hawaii)
Vestiaria coccinea Forster 1780 (syn. Drepanis coccinea) ベニハワイミツスイ
Ploceidae ハタオリドリ
Sturnidae Rafinesque 1815 (ムクドリ), starlings: Sturnus L. 1758 (ムクドリ, starling), S. cineraceus ムクドリ, S. vulgaris L. 1758 (ホシムクドリ)
Corvidae カラス: Garrulus glandariusカケス, Pica pica カササギ, Nucifraga caryocatactes ホシガラス
Corvus カラス

3. Anseriformes 海鳥類/陸水鳥類, waterbird

Anseriformes (Wagler 1831) カモ
Anatidae カモ/ガンカモ

wild goose ガン(カリ) (goose ガチョウ/家雁: poultry), duck カモ/アヒル/家鴨: poultry)


geological timescale (地質年代)

Species ()


Sunasaki
African Stonechat (Saxicola torquata) at Sunasaki Coast on July 22 2011.
Yachidamo Park
Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos major) near a Yachidamo (Fraxinus mandshurica) Park, East Ward, Sapporo, on May 5 2012.
Sunasaki
Slaty-backed Gull (Larus schistisagus) at the mouth of Myojin River on July 22 2011.
O-no Pond
Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) at Ono Pond close to the Faculty of Engineer, HU, on July 15 2011.
Hirose river
[10] Grey duck or Spotbill duck (Anas poecilorhyncha)in Hirose River, close to Aoba Castle, northern Honshu, on March 23 2016. We can often see them in the pond of Hokkaido Government Office.
Wagtail
Japanese Pied Wagtail or White Wagtail (Motacilla alba lugens Gloger 1829) near Shinkawa Bridge in Shinkawa River on May 1 2021.
Hamamatsucho
White-cheeked Starling (Sturnus cineraceus) at Kyu-Shiba-Rikyu Gardens, Tokyo, on May 29 2015.
Sendai
Grey heron (Ardea cinerea) in Oi Pier Seaside Park, Tokyo, on June 3 2016.
Hamamatsucho
Intermediate Egret (Ardea intermedia) Wagler in Hama-rikyu Gardens, Tokyo, on November 13 2015.
Sendai
Dusky thrush (Turdus eunomus) at the Third Block North Park in the city of Sendai, northern Honshu, on March 23 2015. They are winter bird and move to Hokkaido soon.
Muroran
Eurasian Magpie (Pica pica L. in the former sport ground of an elementary school in the city of Muroran on September 14 2015. The school was closed in the last year. The number of individuals has beeen increasing in the Iburi District of Hokkaido. Now it is popular in the residential areas of Tomakomai City.
Tokyo Station
Brown-eared bulbul (Hypsipetes amaurotis) near JR Tokyo Station, central Japan, on March 6 2012.
rock dove
Rock dove or rock pigeon (Columba livia Gmelin 1789) near Subway North 24th Sation on December 23 2017. This species is originally in North Africa, Europe and Central Asia.
little grebe
Little grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis Pallas 1764) in the inner moat of Edo Castle, Tokyo, on October 19 2018.
Duck
Ducks: Aythya fuligula♂, ♂ ♀ A. marila♂ from left to right. In a crater lake developed in the K-1 Crater of Mount Usu on April 10 2020.

Crow (カラス)


Crow: all-inclusive
Raven: large
Rook: small
Jackdaw: pigeon-sized = smallest

Crows distributed on Mount Koma

Corvus macrorhynchos (Jungle Crow or Large-Billed Crow), Corvus corone (Carrion Crow)
The former species is widespead more than the latter species on Mount Koma.

H. Nishi took all pictures.

Corvus macrorhynchos on Mount Koma


crow crow crow
1. A Corvus macrorhynchos fed at 500 m in elevation. (July, 2002) 2. A Corvus macrorhynchos caws on a palign at 450 m in elevation. Near the car pool on Mount Koma, crows often use artificial poles as perch. (July, 2002) 3. Refer to photo 2.
crow crow crow
4. A Corvus macrorhynchos stays on a larch. The dominant tree species on Mount Koma is now Japanese larch, and many bird species feed, reproduce and rest in areas where the larch is dominant. This photo was taken at 700 m in elevation. (July 2002) 5. A Corvus macrorhynchos walks on the ground to find out food. (Aug. 2002) 6. Refer to photo 5.
crow crow crow
7. Corvus macrorhynchos caws on a Populus maximowiczii tree. As mentioned above, crows often utilize trees as perch. Therefore, the seedlings of Rhus trichocarpa often establish under the perches. 8. Corvus macrorhynchos on a larch at 500 m in elevation (August 2002) 9. Refer to photo 8.

Conservation (保全)


[ wind farm ]

Effects of wind farm on wild birds

bird strike
Six risk factors for birds at wind farms (Fox et al. 2006)

avoidance - breeding sites (nests), fooding sites
changes in migratory routes
bird strike (birdstrike or bird hit) (バードストライク)

+ bat strikes
= bird (and bat) death traps

Countermeasure
probably effective:

locations and designs
manipulated operation
controlling vegetation and the environments

probably less-effective:

colored turbines
lighting-up
fake, e.g., bird scarer and light reflective tape
blank shot, burst

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