Three major nomenclatures

1867 Paris Code (1st society meeting)
1994 Tokyo Code
2000 St. Louis Code
2006 Vienna Code
2011 Melbourne Code (for algae, fungi and plants)
2018 Shenzhen Code

International Botanical Congress (国際植物会議)

1. Latin name (名前はラテン語とし扱われる)
2. type specimen (タイプ標本指定)
3. Latin language (ラテン語記載文、又は判別文)
4. species circumstance (種の範疇明示)
5. priority (先取権)
6. legitimate name (合法名)
7. correct name (正名)
8. valid publication (正式出版)
9. effective publication (有効出版)

Priority (先取権)

• 1753.5.1: Linnaeus: Species Plantarum → vascular plants, lichens, slime molds, most algae, liverwort, peat mosses, etc.
• 1801.1.1: Hedwig: Species Muscorum → musci except peat mosses
• 1848: Falfs: British Desmidiae → Cosmarium in algae
• 1821: Fries: Systema mycologicum → most fungi

Scientific name (学名)

Binomial nomenclature (二名法)

Oryza sativa Linne
→ Oryza = generic name, sativa = species epithet, Linne = authority

Philodendron scandens K. Koch et F. Sellow ssp.oxycardium (Schott) Bunt

1. homotypic (or nomenclatural): having the same type. The Linnaean name Pinus abies L. has the same type as Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. When the latter is taken to be the correct name (there is almost complete consensus on that), Pinus abies is a homotypic synonym of Picea abies. However, if the species were regarded to belong to Pinus (now unlikely) the relationship would be reversed and Picea abies would become a homotypic synonym of Pinus abies.
2. heterotypic (or taxonomic): with a different type. Some botanists split the dandelion into many, quite restricted species. The name of each such species has its own type. When the dandelion is regarded as including all those small species, the names of all those species are heterotypic synonyms of Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg. Reducing a taxon to a heterotypic synonym is termed "to sink in synonymy" or "as synonym".

3. superfluous synonyms

Basionym (basyonym, 基礎異名)

the Chairman Bergy = so-called "Bergy's manual" 6 orders, 30 families, 88 genera - adopted to the standard taxonomical syllabus

International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria, ICNB (国際細菌命名規約)

following Species Plantarum (Linnaeus 1753)
Culture collections

International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria and Viruses (1958) renamed from ICNB

10 orders, 47 families, 190 genera

Binomial nomenclature (2名法) + strain name (株名)

Ex. Escherichia coli K-12

Not adopted class and higher orders bcause of unclearness between the phylogeny and hierarchy

Approved officially by International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology

Typological species

Type specimen (基準標本)

1. holotype: the one specimen or illustration used by the author, or designated by the author as the nomenclatural type
2. paratype: a specimen cited in the protologue that is neither the holotype, isotype, nor one of the syntypes. These are often listed as representative specimens in the original description

   syntype = all specimens of (holotype + paratype)

3. isotype: any duplicate specimen of the holotype
4. lectotype: a specimen or illustration designated as the type when no holotype was indicated at the time of publication. If possible, the lectotype should be selected from the syntypes or original material.
   Isolectotype: any duplicate specimen of the lectotype

5. neotype: a specimen or illustration selected as the type when all of the material on which the name of the taxon was based is missing

Herbarium code

Index herbariorum

[ specimens donated to SAPS ]

[link to GBIF]

Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)

Darwin Core, DwC

stored in DwC-A (archive)