Top
ヘッダー

(Upload on November 23 2022) [ 日本語 | English ]

Volcanic succession (火山遷移)






Mount Usu / Sarobetsu post-mined peatland
From left: Crater basin in 1986 and 2006. Cottongrass / Daylily

[ Sakurajima Island , Mount St. Helens , Surtsey , New Zealand ]
[ volcanic succession researhed ]
[ volcanoes , meta-analysis ]

Need revision [ references | meta-analysis ]

Succession

Table 2. Records on volcananic succession. (Revised)
Volcano or areaImpact typeYear(s)Authors (year)
Galapagos IslandsLavaHendrix 1981
HawaiiLavaAtkinson 1970; Eggler 1971; Drake & Müller-Dombois 1993; Aplet & Vitousek 1994; Karpa & Vitousek 1995; Kitayama et al. 1995
Kekla, IcelandLavaBjarnason (1991)
Krakatau, IndonesiaLavaTagawa et al. 1985; Whittaker et al. 1989; Tagawa 1992; Partomihardjo et al. 1992
La Reunion, Mascarene IslandsLavaChevennement 1990
Papua New GuineaLavaTaylor 1957
Sakurajima, JapanLavaTagawa 1964, 1965
Mt Tarawera, New ZealandLava, ScoriaClarkson & Clarkson 1983; Timmins 1983
Mt Tolbachik, Russian Far EastLava; TephraGrishin 1992, 1994
Mt Kula, TurkeyLavaOner & Oflas 1977
Vesuvius, ItalyLavaMazzoleni & Ricciardi 1993
Mount St. Helens, USALateral Blast1980Franklin et al. 1985; Halpern et al. 1990
Mt Lassen, USALaharHeath 1967
Mt Ontake, JapanLaharNakashizuka et al. 1993
Mt Rainier, USALaharFrenzen et al. 1988
Mount St. Helens, USALaharHalpern & Harmon 1983; Dale 1989, 1991
Mt Taranaki, New ZealandLaharClarkson 1990
Mt Fuji, JapanPumice, ScoriaOhsawa 1984; Masuzawa 1985; Nakamura 1985
Mount St. Helens, USAPumice, Pyroclastic flows, Lahars1980Wood & del Moral 1987; del Moral 1993; del Moral & Bliss 1993; del Moral et al. 1995
El Chichon, MexicoPyroclastic flows, TephraBurnham 1993
Mt Pelee, MartiniquePyroclastic flow; LaharBeard 1976; Sastre & Fiard 1986
Motmot, Papua New GuineaScoriaBall & Glucksman 1975
Crater Lake, Oregon, USAScoria, LapilliJackson & Faller 1973; Horn 1968
El Paricutin, MexicoScoria, Lapilli, AshEggler 1948, 1963; Rejmanek et al. 1987
Surtsey, IcelandScoriaFridriksson & Magnusson 1992
Mount St. Helens, USAAsh1980Antos & Zobel 1985a, c, 1986; del Moral 1983, 1993; del Moral & Bliss 1993; Zobel & Antos 1986
Aso (?), Kyushu, JapanAshTagawa et al. 1994
Mt Usu, Hokkaido, JapanTephra1977-78Tsuyuzaki 2009
Table 3. Number of vascular plant species during early development, middle years and the last measurement in a particular study; n.d. = no data available. (del Moral & Grishin 1999) (Later, merged with the above table)
Numberof species
Volcano (references)Eruption
date		Type of
surface		Age (yr)YoungInter-mediateOld
Sakurajima, Japan (Tagawa 1964)1476Lava47555476
Rakata, Krakatau, Indonesia (Whittaker et al. 1992)1883Mixed10624253397
Anak Krakatau, Idonesia (Bush et al. 1992)1930Scoria6017-2045138
Mt Tarawera, New Zealand (Clarkson 1990)1886Lava93n. d.6374
El Paricutin, Mexico (Rejmanek et al. 1982)1943Pumice3421739
Mt Rainier, USA (Frenzen et al. 1988)1947Lahar33172132
Surtsey, Iceland (Fridrickson 1992)1963Lava/tephra2721524
Mount St Helens, USA (del Moral & Wood 1993)1980Pumice16n. d.2144
Mount St Helens, USA (del Moral & Wood 1988)1980Lahar1653146

Miyake Island (三宅島)

1 → Myk2 → 3
[1] scoria on October 12 1991. [2] foreground, Polygonum pathces on November 19 1988; background, a patch on November 19 1988. [3] alders on November 19 1988.

[volcanic geology (火山地質)]

Sakurajima Island (桜島)

Cronosequence

The survey was conducted on lavas with different ages during the years of 1960 and 1963 (Tagawa 1964).

LavaBummeiAn-eiTaishoShowa
Code of lava BUBMASAFT1HT1ST2SSKSA
Erupted date 1476177919141946
Plant communityShrubShrubHerbMoss/Lichen

Mount St. Helens (セントへレンズ山)

Site1 Jon/Mandy2
[1] one of my study sites in the summer of 1993. Yellow flags were used to mark plots. [2] Mandy and Jon. The mountain covered with snow in the background is Mount St. Helens. Photo taken on September 24 1993.

Overall

  • canopy largely remains intact
  • snow matters, season matters, depth matters
  • life history and rooting patterns
  • old gorwth may buffer impacts

(del Moral 1983)

Revegetation on the volcanic deposits
Most platns did not recver by immigration → vegegative reproduction
Species richness was high on rough surface → microtopography Table. Plants observed on permanent plots in 1980. p: less than 0.0% in cover. 
                       Thin    Thin   Tephra  Thick  Blast
                       tephra  mud            mud    area

  Number of pltos        4      3      14      12      9
  Lupinus latifolius    12.0   10.6     p              p
  Achillea millefolium   8.5    1.5     0.3     0.1    0.2
  Fragaria virginiana    3.0    0.1     0.5     0.1
  Agrostis diegoensis    4.2    0.3     3.9     0.2    0.3
  Polygonum newberry     0.2    0.3     0.9     0.1    0.1
  Species richness      19     14      26      11     16
索引
Mount St. Helens – A Story of Succession Questions
  1. Did any plants survive the eruption? If so, how did they survive?
  2. What is the name for plants that survive a major disturbance? What was their role in regenerating the disturbed area?
  3. How was the prairie lupine important to the growth of plants on the barren land found after the eruption?
  4. What roles did factors such as wind, moisture, and landforms play in succession after the eruption?
  5. What roles did factors such as plant and animal interactions play in succession after the eruption?
  6. According to your reading of the story, what do you think a "colonizer" is?
  7. How has the red alder tree influenced succession?
  8. What do you predict will happen in the blast zone over time?
  9. What might change your prediction?

Surtsey Island

Vestmannaeyjar Islands

18 small volcanic islands and skerries: 0,01–13,4 km2
< 40.000 yrs old
17 volcanoes identified a.s.l.
Two eruptions in historic time, after ~5.000 yrs silence

Surtsey 1963-1967: born on the northwestern side of Iceland in 1963
Heimaey 1973

Biota
  • 2 years after: bacteria, fungi, flies, plant chips, sea plants, sea birds, and so on arrived and established
  • 4 years after: moss establishment
  • 1973: higher plants = 13 spp., Moss = 66 spp.
Rich marine life around islands
Great abundace and diversity of seabirds
Lush grassland and seacliff vegetation
Iceland mainland ca. 485 species
Heimaey ca. 150 species
Outer islands 1–30 species
Surtsey protection
Declared a Nature Reserve in 1965, set a site for scientific research and education, access limited
Unbroken record of geological and biological monitoring from 1964
UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008
One of the better studied volcanos/islands on earth
Plant colonization and succession
1965: Marking of individual plants and mapping of species spread and distribution
1990: Permanent plots set up to follow successional changes

Design: lava vs tephra, coast vs crater, and gull cology inside vs outside

Surtsey
Fig. Vascular plant colonization from 1965 to 2017

Vascular plant colonization propable routes of dispersal
Sea = 8, Bird = 74%, Wind = 18%

New Zealand

Ex. Mount Ruapehu (Photo #1-2 Sunset, #3-5 Landscape, #6 クッション植物cushion plants, #7-8 Gentiana)
Volcanic ash - pH 5.5 - 6.0
Cushion plants: Rytidosperma, Helichryosum Gaultheria (shrubby), Drachyphyllum, Thamyria, Umberiferae sp., Gentiana sp., Reisotome

Luzula - 2 spp.: tiny one = weak to burial

Successional sere on volcanic ash
Bare → Colonization* → Dieback → Aggregation → Shrub → Forest

__________________↑____↑____________|
__________________|__other plants invade |
__________________|__dead patch_______|
__________________┗----------------------------┛ larger patch

* patchy colonization
Shrub - compositae species dominated (Photo), Celmisia, Infexa - Coriaria
Treeline - upper limit = 1300-1400 m alt.
No nitrogen-fixing plants on summit area
Moss, lichens, and blue-green algae have never dominated
Podocarpus - 3 spp.: P. ferrugianeus, P. totara, P. hallii
Nothofagus: N. menziesii, N. solandri var. cliffortioides

[ References for lectures]

References

References not cited in a review on volcanic succession by Tsuyuzaki (2001) (火山遷移初期動態に関する研究)

  • Abe H, Takahashi T, Hasegawa M. 2014. Effects of volcanic disturbance on the reproductive success of Eurya japonica and its reproductive mutualisms. Plant Ecology 215: 1361-1372
  • Abe T. 2006. Colonization of nishino-shima island by plants and arthropods 31 years after eruption. Pacific Science 60: 355-365
  • Ah-Peng C, Chuah-Petiot M, Descamps-Julien B, Bardat J, Stamenoff P, Strasberg D. 2012. Bryophyte diversity and distribution along an altitudinal gradient on a lava flow in La Reunion. Diversity and Distributions 13: 654-662
  • Ah-Peng C, Bardat J, Pocs T, Soderstrom L, Stamenoff P, Strasberg D. 2012. Red list of liverworts and hornworts for Reunion (Mascarene archipelago). Phytotaxa 68: 1-23
  • Anderson-Teixeira A, Vitousek PM, Brown HH. 2008. Amplified temperature dependence in ecosystems developing on the lava flows of Mauna Loa, Hawai'i. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105: 228-233
  • Apple JL, Wink M, Wills SE, Bishop JG. 2009. Successional change in phosphorus stoichiometry explains the inverse relationship between herbivory and lupin density on Mount St. Helens. PlosOne 4: e7807
  • Bishop J. 2002. Early primary succession on Mount St. Helens: Impact of insect herbivores on colonizing lupines. Ecology 83: 191-202
  • Burns B. 1997. Vegetation change along a geothermal stress gradient at the Te Kopia steamfield. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 27: 279-294
  • Given Dr. 1980. Vegetation on heated soils at Karapiti, central North Island, New Zealand, and its relation to ground temperature. New Zealand Journal of Botany 18: 1-13
  • Bishop JG, O'Hara NB, Titus JH, Apple JL, Gill RA, Wynn L. 2010. N-P co-limitation of primary production and response of arthropods to N and P in early primary succession on Mount St. Helens Volcano. PlosOne: e13598
  • Chang C, Halpern CB, Antos JA, Avolio ML, Biswas A, Cook JE, del Moral R, Fischer DG, Holz A, Pabst RJ, Swanson ME, Zobel DB. 2019. Testing conceptual models of early plant succession across a disturbance gradient. Journal of Ecology 107: 517-530
  • Clarkson BR, Walker LR, Clarkson BD, Silvester WB. 2002. Effect of Coriaria arborea on seed banks during primary succession on Mount Tarawera, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 40: 629-638
  • Chiarucci A, Calderisi M, Casini F, Bonini I. 2008. Vegetation at the limits for vegetation: vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens in a geothermal field. Folia Geobotanica 43: 19-33
  • Collins BD, Dunne T. 2019. Thirty years of tephra erosion following the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 44: 2780-2793
  • Cook JE, Halpern CB. 2018. Vegetation changes in blown-down and scorched forests 10–26 years after the eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA. Plant Ecology 219: 957-972
  • del Moral R. 1983. Initial recovery of subalpine vegetation on Mount St. Helens, Washington. American Midland Naturalist 109: 72-80
  • de Oliveira Xavier R, D'Antonio CM. 2017. Multiple ecological strategies explain the distribution of exotic and native C4 grasses in heterogeneous early successional sites in Hawai'i. Journal of Plant Ecology 10: 426-439
  • Deligne NI, Cashman KV, Roering JJ. 2013. After the lava flow: The importance of external soil sources for plant colonization of recent lava flows in the central Oregon Cascades, USA. Geomorphology 202: 15-32
  • Dale VH., Swanson FJ, Crisafulli CM (eds.). 2005. Ecological Responses to the 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens. Springer, New York
  • Dimopoulos P, Raus T, Mucina L, Tsiripidis I. 2010. Vegetation patterns and primary succession on sea-born volcanic islands (Santorini archipelago, Aegean Sea, Greece). Phytocoenologia 40: 1-14
  • Edmonds RL, Erickson HE. 1994. Influence of Mount St. Helens ash on litter decomposition. I. Pacific silver fir needle decomposition in the ash-fall zone. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24: 826-831
  • Edwards P, Varela SA, Lopez DR, Willems PM, Lopez AS, Gyenge JE. 2017. Evidence on the response of Patagonian forage grasses to the mulching effect of recent tephra deposits in Argentina. Arid Land Research and Management 31: 373-387
  • Efford JT, Clarkson BD, Bylsma RJ. 2014. Persistent effects of a tephra eruption (AD 1655) on treeline composition and structure, Mt Taranaki, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 52: 245-261
  • Elias RB, Dias E. 2004. Primary succession on lava domes on Terceira (Azores). Journal of Vegetation Science 15:331-338
  • Elias R, Dias E. 2007. The role of habitat features in a primary succession. Arquipélago. Life and Marine Sciences 24: 1-10
  • Erickson HE, Edmonds R. 1994. Influence of Mount St. Helens ash on litter decomposition. II. Experimental studies with Douglas-fir needles. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24: 832-838
  • Ettinger S, Mothes P, Paris R, Schilling S. 2007. The 1877 lahar deposits on the eastern flank of Cotopaxi volcano. Geomorphologie: relief, processus, environnement 3: 271-280
  • Faozan I, Kaoru K, Farhadur MR, Rahayu S. 2022. Succession of ground vascular plant communities on pyroclastic deposits seven years after a volcanic eruption on Mount Merapi. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 34: 406-414
  • Ferreiro N, Satti P, Mazzarino MJ. 2018. Biological legacies promote succession and soil development on tephra from the Puyehue-Cordon Caulle eruption (2011). Austral Ecolgoy 19: 435-446
  • Fischer DG, Antos JA, Biswas A, Zobel DB. 2019. Understory succession after burial by tephra from Mount St. Helens. Journal of Ecology 107: 531-544
  • Fischer DG, Antos JA, Grandy WG, Zobel DB. 2016. A little disturbance goes a long way: 33-year understory successional responses to a thin tephra deposit. Forest Ecology and Management 382: 236-243
    • li>Fuller RN, del Moral R. 2003. The role of refugia and dispersal in primary succession on Mount St. Helens, Washington. Journal of Vegetation Science 14: 637-644
  • Garcia-Romero A, Alanis-Anaya RM, Munoz-Jimenez J. 2015. Environmental factors that affect primary plant succession trajectories on lahars (Popocatepetl Volcano, Mexico). Journal of Mountain Science 12: 1254-1266
  • Gil-Solorzanoa D, Lara-Cabrerab S, Lindig-Cisnerosc R. 2009. Effects of organic matter added to sand deposits of volcanic origin on recruitment of seedlings. Southwestern Naturalist 54: 439-445
  • Grishin SY, Krestov P, Okitsu S. 1996. The subalpine vegetation of Mt. Vysokaya, central Sikhote-Alin. Vegetatio 127: 155-172
  • Grishin SY. 2010. Vegetation changes under the impact of volcanic ashfall (Tolbachinsky Dol, Kamchatka). Russian Journal of Ecology 41: 436-439
  • Hiroki S. 1979. Ecological studies of the plant communities on the Urabandai mudflows. Ecological Reviews (Sendai) 19: 89-112
  • Hotes S, Grootjans AP, Takahashi H, Ekschmitt K, Poschlod P. 2010. Resilience and alternative equilibria in a mire plant community after experimental disturbance by volcanic ash. Oikos 119: 952-963
  • Hughes PDM, Mallon G, Brown A, Essex HJ, Stanford JD, Hotes S. 2013. The impact of high tephra loading on late-Holocene carbon accumulation and vegetation succession in peatland communities. Quaternary Science Reviews 67: 160-175
  • 上條隆志・星野義延・袴田伯領. 2001. 伊豆諸島八丈島の形成年代の異なる2火山における常緑広葉樹林の種組成と分布. 植生学会誌 18: 47-59
  • Kamijo T, Kitayama K, Sugawara A, Urushimichi S, Sasai K. 2002. Primary succession of the warm-temperate broad-leaved forest on a volcanic island, Miyake-Jima, Japan. Folia Geobotanica 37: 71-91
  • Karadimou E, Kallimanis AS, Tsiripidis I, Raus T, Bergmeier E, Dimopoulos P. 2018. Functional diversity changes over 100 yr of primary succession on a volcanic island: insights into assembly processes. Ecosphere 9, e02374
  • Kayama M, Qu L, Koike T. 2015. Elements and ectomycorrhizal symbiosis affecting the growth of Japanese larch seedlings regenerated on slopes of an active volcano in northern Japan. Trees 29: 1567-1579
  • Kent M, Owen NW, Dale P, Newnham RM, Giles TM. 2001. Studies of vegetation burial: a focus for biogeography and biogeomorphology? Progress in Physical Geography 25: 455-482
  • Kerfahi D, Tateno R, Takahashi K, Cho H, Kim H, Adams JM. 2017. Development of soil bacterial communities in volcanic ash microcosms in a range of climates. Microbial Ecology 73: 775-790
  • Kikvidze Z, Armas C, Fukuda K, Martinez-Garcia LB, Miyata M, Oda-Tanaka A, Pugnaire FI, Wu B. 2010. The role of arbuscular mycorrhizae in primary succession: differences and similarities across habitats. Web Ecology 10: 50-57
  • Korablev A, Smirnov V, Neshataeva V, Kuzmin I, Nekrasov T. 2020. Plant dispersal strategies in primary succession on the Tolbachinsky Dol volcanic Plateau (Russia). Journal of Vegetation Science 31: 954-966
  • Korznikov KA. 2015. Vegetation cover of the young mud fields of Maguntan Mud Volcano (Sakhalin Island). Fauna, Flora 70: 99-103
  • Korznikov KA. 2015. Vegetation cover at the Maguntan mud volcano (Sakhalin Island，Russia): species composition and spatial distribution. Phytocoenologia 45: 125-134
  • Korznikov KA. 2017. Vegetation dynamics at two mud volcanoes of Sakhalin Island (Russia): comparison of chronosequences. Botanica Pacifica 6: 13-20
  • 栗原 壽. 1938. 伊豆三宅島の植物景観. 地理学評論 3: 179-191
  • Long CJ, Power MJ, Bartlein PJ (2011) The effects of fire and tephra deposition on forest vegetation in the Central Cascades, Oregon. Quaternary Research 75: 151-158
  • Long CJ, Power MJ, Minckley TA, Hass AL 2014. The impact of Mt Mazama tephra deposition on forest vegetation in the Central Cascades, Oregon, USA. Holocene 24: 503-511
  • Magnusson B, Magnusson SH, Olafsson E, Sigurdsson BD. (2015) Plant colonization, succession and ecosystem development on Surtsey with reference to neighbouring islands. Biogeosciences 11: 5521-5537
  • Makoto K, Wilson SD. 2019. When and where does dispersal limitation matter in primary succession? Journal of Ecology 107: 559-565
  • Marleau JN, Jin Y, Bishop JG, Fagan WF, Lewis MA. 2011. A stoichiometric model of early plant primary succession. American Naturalist 177: 233-245
  • Marler TE, del Moral R 2013. Primary succession in Mount Pinatubo. Habitat availability and ordination analysis. Communicative, Integrative Biology 6: e25924 (online)
  • Marler TE, del Moral R. 2018. Increasing topographic influence on vegetation structure during primary succession. Plant Ecology 219: 1009-1020
  • Möckel SC, Erlendsson E, Prater I, Gísladóttir G. 2021. Tephra deposits and carbon dynamics in peatlands of a volcanic region: Lessons from the Hekla 4 eruption. Land Degradation & Development 32: 645-669
  • Nara K (2006) Ectomycorrhizal networks and seedling establishment during early primary succession. New Phytologist 169: 169-178
  • Nara K, Hogetsu T. 2004. Ectomycorrhizal fungi on established shrubs facilitate subsequent seedling establishment of successional plant species. Ecology 85: 1700-1707
  • Nara K, Nakaya H, Hogetsu T. 2003. Ectomycorrhizal sporocarp succession and production during early primary succession on Mount Fuji. New Phytologist 158: 193-206
  • Nara K, Nakaya H, Wu H, Zhou Z, Hogetsu T. 2003. Underground primary succession of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a volcanic desert on Mount Fuji. New Phytologist 159: 743-756
  • Nara K, Hogetsu T. 2004. Ectomycorrhizal fungi on established shrubs facilitate subsequent seedling establishment of successional plant species. Ecology 85: 1700-1707
  • Nara K, Nakaya H, Hogetsu T. 2003. Ectomycorrhizal sporocarp succession and production during early primary succession on Mount Fuji. New Phytologist 158: 193-206
  • Nara K, Nakaya H, Wu H, Zhou Z, Hogetsu T. 2003. Underground primary succession of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a volcanic desert on Mount Fuji. New Phytologist 159: 743-756
  • Ogawa Y, Daimaru H, Shimizu A. 2007. Experimental study of post-eruption overland flow and sediment load from slopes overlain by pyroclastic-flow deposits, Unzen volcano, Japan. Géomorphologie : relief, processus, environnement. 3: 237-246
  • Peter M. 2003. Volcanic deserts and primary succession – when and how do mycorrhizal fungi participate? New Pnytologist 159: 534-536
  • Rodriguez FC, Otto R, Fernandez-Palacios JM. 2022. Changes in soil chemical properties and plant species composition during primary succession on an oceanic island. Journal of Vegetation Science 23, e13137
  • Sadili A, Hidayat A, Jakalalana S, Kurniawan A, Sahroni D, Solikin, Brearley FQ. 2022. Forest composition and structure after 200 years of succession following the eruption of Mount Tambora (Indonesia). Ecoscience 29: 191-198
  • Saenz-Ceja JE, Saenz-Ceja BL, Saenz-Reyes JT, Perez-Salicrup DR. 2022. Conifer establishment after the eruption of the Paricutin volcano in central Mexico. Forest Ecosystems 9, 100007
  • Schoenfelder AC, Bishop JG, Martinson HM, Fagan WF. 2010. Resource use efficiency and community effects of invasive Hypochaeris radicata (Asteraceae) during primary succession. American Journal of Botany 97: 1772-1779
  • Segura G, Hinckley TM, Olver CD. 1995. Stem growth responses of declining mature Abies amabilis trees after tephra deposition from Mount St. Helens. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25: 1493-1502
  • Segura G, Wright G. 1994. Recent mortality and decline in mature Abies amabilis: the interaction between site factors and tephra deposition from Mount St. Helens. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24: 1112-1122
  • Shimizu A. 2004. Community structure of lichens in the volcanic highlands of Mt. Tokachi, Hokkaido, Japan. Bryologist 107: 141-151
  • Shimizu Y. 1992. Origin of Distylium dry forest and occurrence of endangered species in the Bonin Islands. Pacific Science 46: 179-196
  • Singh D, Lee-Cruz L, Kim W-S, Kerfahi D, Chun J-H, Adams JM. 2014. Strong elevational trends in soil bacterial community composition on Mt. Halla, South Korea. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 68: 14-149
  • Sklenar P, Kovar P, Palice Z, Stancik D, Prague ZS. 2010. Primary succession of high-altitude Andean vegetation on lahars of Volcán Cotopaxi, Ecuador. Phytocoenologia 40: 15-28
  • Smale MC, Coomes DA, Parfitt RL, Peltzer DA, Mason NWH, Fitzgerald NB. 2016. Post-volcanic forest succession on New Zealand's North Island: an appraisal from long-term plot data. New Zealand Journal of Botany 54: 11-29
  • Stout RG, Al-Niemi TS. 2002. Heat-tolerant flowering plants of active geothermal areas in Yellowstone National Park. American Journal of Botany 90:259-267
  • Swanson FJ, Jones JA, Crisafulli CM, Lara A. 2013. Effects of volcanic and hydrologic processes on forest vegetation: Chaiten Volcano, Chile. Andean Geology 40: 359-391
  • Swanson FJ, Jones J, Crisafulli C, Gonzalez ME, Lara A. 2016. Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption of 2011: tephra fall and initial forest responses in the Chilean Andes. Bosque 37: 85-96
  • Titus JH, Bishop JG. 2014. Propagule limitation and competition with nitrogen-fixers limit conifer colonization during primary succession. Journal of Vegetation Science 25: 990-1033
  • Taylor BW. 1957. Plant succession on recent volcanoes in Papua. Journal of Ecology 45:233-243
  • Tsuyuzaki S. and others
  • 遠山三樹夫. 1962. 箱根中央火口丘の森林植生. 北海道大学農学部邦文紀要 4: 7-23
  • Velazquez E, Gomez-Sal A. 2009. Changes in the herbaceous communities on the landslide of the Casita Volcano, Nicaragua, during early succession. Folia Geobotanica 44: 1-18
  • Voronkova NM, Verkholat VP, Kholina AB. 2011. Specific features of plants at early stages of the colonization of loose volcanic matter. Biology Bulletin 38: 237-241
  • Walker LR, del Moral R. 2003. Primary succession and ecosystem rehabilitation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 442
  • Walker LR, Clarkson BD, Silvester WB, Clarkson BR. 2003. Colonization dynamics and facilitation impacts of a nitrogen-fixing shrub in primary succession. Journal of Vegetation Science 14: 277-290
  • Walker LR, Sikes DS, Degange AR, Jewett SC, Michaelson G, Talbot SL, Talbot tS, Wang B, Williams JC. 2013. Biological legacies: Direct early ecosystem recovery and food web reorganization after a volcanic eruption in Alaska. Ecoscience 20: 240-251
  • 渡辺真紀子･高岡貞夫･森嶋済･坂上伸生･Collado M･小口高. 2011. フィリピン・ピナツボ火山オドーネル川上流域における植生遷移と土壌性状にもとづく地力回復過程. 地学雑誌 120: 631-645
  • Whittaker RJ, Bush MB, Richards K. 1989. Plant recolonization and vegetation succession on the Krakatau Islands, Indonesia. Ecological Monographs 59: 59-123
  • Winner WE, Mooney HA. 1980. Responses of hawaiian plants to volcanic sulfur dioxide: stomatal behavior and foliar injury. Science 210: 789-791
  • Yang SY, Bishop JG, Webster MS. 2008. Colonization genetics of an animal-dispersed plant (Vaccinium membranaceum) at Mount St Helens, Washington. Molecular Ecology 17: 731-740
  • Yang S, Jongejans E, Yang S, Bishop JG. 2011. The effect of consumers and mutualists of Vaccinium membranaceum at Mount St. Helens: dependence on successional context. PlosOne 6: e26094
  • 吉田 忠. 1989, 有珠山新生火山灰中の微生物相変化. 日本菌学会報 30: 35-49
  • 吉田 忠. 1989, 有珠山の新生火山灰における微生物相遷移. 日本土壌肥料学雑誌 64: 212-219
  • Yoshii Y (1932) Revegetation of Volcano Komagatake after the great eruption in 1929. Botanical Magazine, Tokyo 46: 208-215
  • 吉井義次 (1942) 駒ヶ岳爆発後の植物群落. 生態学研究 8: 170-228
  • Yoshioka K (1966) Development and recovery of vegetation since the 1929 eruptions of Mt. Komagatake, Hokkaido. Ecological Review (Sendai) 16: 271-292
  • Yurkewycz RP, Bishop JG, Crisafulli CM, Harrison JA, Gill RA. 2014. Gopher mounds decrease nutrient cycling rates and increase adjacent vegetation in a volcanic primary succession. Oecologia 176: 1135-1150
  • Vilmundardottir OK, Sigurmundsson FS, Pedersen GBM, Munoz-Cobo Belart J, Kizel F, Falco N, Benediktsson JA, Gisladottir G. 2018. Of mosses and men: Plant succession, soil development and soil carbon accretion in the sub-Arctic volcanic landscape of Hekla, Iceland. Progress in Physical Geography 42: 765-791
  • Zobel DB, Antos JA. 2007. Flowering and seedling production of understory herbs in old-growth forests affected by 1980 tephra from Mount St. Helens. Canadian Journal of Botany 85: 607-620
  • Zobel DB, Antos JA. 2016. Flowering patterns of understory herbs 30 years after disturbance of subalpine old-growth forests by tephra from Mount St. Helens. International Journal of Plant Sciences 177: 145-156
  • Zobel DB, Antos JA. 2017. Community reorganization in forest understories buried by volcanic tephra. Ecosphere 8: e02045
  • Zobel DB, Antos JA, Fischer DG. Secondary disturbance following a deposit of volcanic tephra: a 30-year record from old-growth forest understory. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 51: 1541-1549
フッター