Gaku KUDO

Ecology (Plant Ecology, Reproductive Biology, Biological Interaction)

Associate Professor/Ph.D

Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecology

Faculty of Environmental Earth Science

Hokkaido University

orcid.org/0000-0002-6488-818X

Google Scholar

Lab. Address

Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Section of Environmental Biology, Hokkaido University

Kita-ku N10 W5, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan

Fax: +81.11.706.4954 / Tel: +81.11.706.2269

E-mail: here

Research Interest

• Reproductive Ecology of Alpine Plants

  Key words: Snowmelt gradient, flowering phenology, snowbed, fellfield, reproductive success, pollination, gene flow, meta-population structure

  Selected Publication:

  Kudo G. 2022. Outcrossing syndrome in alpine plants: Implications for flowering phenology and pollination success. Ecological Research 37: 288–300. doi: 10.1111/1440-1703.12314

  Hirao A.S., Shimono Y., Narita K., Wada N. & Kudo G. 2019. Ecotypic divergences of the alpine herb Potentilla matsumurae adapted to fellfield-snowbed habitats across a series of mountain sky islands. American Journal of Botany 106: 772–787. doi: 10.1002/ajb2.1290

  Kameyama Y. & Kudo G. 2009. Flowering phenology influences seed production and outcrossing rate in populations of an alpine snowbed shrub, Phyllodoce aleutica: effects of pollinators and self-incompatibility. Annals of Botany 103: 1385-1394. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcp037

• Pollination Ecology

  Key words: Bumblebee, gender variation, sex allocation, floral traits, pollen flow, mating system, inflorescence architecture, flower color

  Selected Publication:

  Mizunaga Y. & Kudo G. 2017. A linkage between flowering phenology and fruit-set success of alpine plant communities with reference to the seasonality and pollination effectiveness of bees and flies. Oecologia 185: 453-464.

  Kudo G. 2014. Vulnerability of phenological synchrony between plants and pollinators in an alpine ecosystem. Ecological Research 29: 571-581. doi: 10.1007/s11284-013-1108-z

  Kudo G. et al. 2011. Pollination efficiency of bumblebee queens and workers in the alpine shrub Rhododendron aureum. International Journal of Plant Sciences 172:70-77.

  Kudo G. et al. 2007. A test of the pollination effectiveness of floral color change using artificial inflorescences visited by bumblebees. Oecologia 154: 119-128.

• Ecology of Leaf Trait Variation

  Key words: Leaf life-span, season length, photosynthesis, nitrogen content, leaf mass area, carbon balance

  Selected Publication:

  Kudo G. et al. 2018. Altered morphologies and physiological composition in a rapidly expanding dwarf bamboo in alpine ecosystems. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 50:1 e1463733.

  Kudo G. et al. 2001. Leaf-trait variation of tundra plants along a climatic gradient: an integration of responses in evergreen and deciduous species. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 33: 181-190.

• Life History Strategy of Understory Plants in Cool-temperate Forests

  Key words: Mating system, phenology, photosynthesis, pollination, light environment, deciduous forest, spring ephemerals

  Selected Publication:

  Kudo G. & Hirao A.S. 2020. Geographical distribution, genetic diversity, and reproductive traits of mixed polyploid populations in Parasenecio kamtschaticus (Senecioneae; Asteraceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 306:1–11. doi: 10.1007/s00606-020-01714-3

  Kudo G. & Ida T.Y. 2010. Carbon source for reproduction in a spring ephemeral herb, Corydalis ambigua (Papaveraceae). Functional Ecology 24: 62-69. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01601.x

  Kudo G. et al. 2008. Linkages between phenology, pollination, photosynthesis, and plant reproduction in deciduous forest understory plants. Ecology 89: 321-331.

• Global Change Impacts on Northern Terrestrial Ecosystem

  Key words: Alpine ecosystem, cool-temperate forest, plant-pollinator interaction, warming effect, phenology, reproduction

  Selected Publication:

  Kawai Y. & Kudo G. 2021. Climate change shifts population structure and demographics of an alpine herb, Anemone narcissiflora ssp. sachalinensis (Ranunculaceae), along a snowmelt gradient. Population Ecology 63: 260-271. doi: 10.1002/1438-390X.12089

  Kudo G. & Cooper E. 2019. When spring ephemerals fail to meet pollinators: mechanism of phenological mismatch and its impact on plant reproduction. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 286: 20190573. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0573

  Amagai Y., Kudo G. & Sato K. 2018. Changes in alpine plant communities under climate change: dynamics of snow-meadow vegetation in northern Japan over the last 40 years. Applied Vegetation Science 21: 561–571. doi: 10.1111/avsc.12387

  Kudo G. & Ida T.Y. 2013. Early onset of spring increases the phenological mismatch between plants and pollinators. Ecology 94:2311-2320. doi: 0.1890/12-2003.1

• Plant-Herbivore Interaction

  Key words: defense, leaf phenology, leaf traits, compensation, nitrogen

  Selected Publication:

  Kudo G. & Shibata A. 2021. Is increased male flower production a strategy for avoidance of predispersal seed predation in andromonoecious plants? Ecology and Evolution 2021 00:1-11. doi: 10.1002/ece3.7468

  Kudo G. 2003. Variations in leaf traits and susceptibility to insect herbivory within a Salix miyabeana population under field conditions. Plant Ecology 169: 61-69.

Biography

• 1962. _____ Born in Tokyo
• 1985. _____ Bachelor of Agriculture (Forestry), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
• 1987. _____ Master of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University
• 1991. _____ Doctor of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University
• 1990-92. __ Fellowship of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
• 1993-94. __ National Institute Post Doctoral Fellowship of Research Development Cooperation of Japan
• 1994-00. __ Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University
• 1996. _____ Visiting Scholar, Abisko Scientific Research Station, Sweden
• 1997. _____ Recipient, Ecological Society Award of Young Scientists (Ecological Society of Japan)
• 2000- _____ Associate Professor, Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University
• 2001. _____ Visiting Scholar, University of Calgary, Canada
• 2019. _____ Recipient, Award of Ecological Society of Japan (Ecological Society of Japan)

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Editorial Board

• Associate Editor of Ecological Research (previous)
• Associate Editor of Plant Species Biology (previous)
• Associate Editor of Functional Ecology (previous)
• Associate Editor of Population Ecology
• Associate Editor of Alpine Botany

Publication List (only peer-reviewed journals; * as a corresponding author)

2024

• 140) Ito Y. & Kudo G. 2024. The contribution of carbon budget to masting intervals in Veratrum album populations inhabiting different elevations. American Journal of Botany 111: e16295. doi: 10.1002/ajb2.16295
• 139) *Kudo G., Kohyama T.I., Chen K.H., Hsu T.W., Wang C.N. 2024. Seasonal dynamics of floral composition and flower visitors in as subtropical alpine ecosystem in Taiwan. Ecological Research 39: 27–41. doi: 10.1111/1440-1703.12426

2023

• 138) Shibata A. & Kudo G. 2023. Night and day: Contributions of diurnal and nocturnal visitors to pollen dispersal, paternity diversity, and fruit set in an early‐blooming shrub, Daphne jezoensis. American Journal of Botany 110: e16239. doi: 10.1002/ajb2.16293
• 137) Shiotani Y. & Kudo G. 2023. Spatiotemporal niche overlap. asymmetric reproductive interference, and population genetics between the sympatric species, Rhododendron diversipilosum and Rhododendron subarcticum, in alpine fellfield habitat. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 55: 2188716. doi: 10.1080/15230430.2023. 2188716

2022

• 136) Ito Y. & Kudo G. 2022. The selective advantage of a mast flowering in Veratrum album subsp. oxysepalum: implications of the predator satiation hypothesis. American Journal of Botany 109:2082–2092 doi: 10.1002/ajb2.16089
• 135) Rixen C. et al. 2022. Winters are changing: snow effects on Arctic and alpine tundra ecosystems. Arctic Science 8: 572–608. doi: 10.1139/as-2020-0058
• 134) Vanderstock A., Grandi-Nagashiro C., Kudo G., Latty T., Nakamura S., White T.E. & Soga M. 2022. For the love of insects: gardening grows positive emotions (biophilia) towards invertebrates. Journal of Insect Conservation 26: 751–762. doi: 10.1007/s10841-022-00419-x
• 133) Shibata A. & Kudo G. 2022. Conservative seed fertility maintains hermaphrodites in gynodioecious Daphne jezoensis: a test of the sex-differential plasticity hypothesis. Plant Biology 24: 1022–1030. doi: 10.1111/plb.13458
• 132) *Kudo G. 2022. Outcrossing syndrome in alpine plants: Implications for flowering phenology and pollination success. Ecological Research 37: 288–300. doi: 10.1111/1440-1703.12314

2021

• 131) Shibata A., Kameyama Y. & Kudo G. 2021. Low seed fertility of hermaphrodites is maintained in a gynodioecious species throughout the distribution range in Japan. Plant Systematic and Evolution 307: 55. doi: 10.1007/s00606-012-01780-1
• 130) *Kawai Y. & Kudo G. 2021. Climate change shifts population structure and demographics of an alpine herb, Anemone narcissiflora ssp. sachalinensis (Ranunculaceae), along a snowmelt gradient. Population Ecology 63: 260-271. doi: 10.1002/1438-390X.12089
• 129) Ida T.Y. & Kudo G. 2021. Seasonal variation in air temperature drives reproductive phenology of entomophilous plants in a cool-temperate mire community. Botany 99: doi: 10.1139/cjb-2021-0021 doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2021-0021
• 128) *Kudo G. & Shibata A. 2021. Is increased male flower production a strategy for avoidance of predispersal seed predation in andromonoecious plants? Ecology and Evolution 2021 00:1-11. doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7468
• 127) Wakui A. & Kudo G. 2021. Ecotypic differentiation of a circumpolar Arctic-alpine species at mid-latitudes: variations in the ploidy level and reproductive system of Vaccinium vitis-idaea. AoB Plants 13: plab015. doi: 10.1093/aobpla/plab015

2020

• 126) *Kudo G. 2021. Habitat-specific effects of flowering advance on fruit-set success of alpine plants: a long-term record of flowering phenology and fruit-set success of Rhododendron aureum. Alpine Botany 131: 53-62. doi: 10.1007/s00035-021-00248-9
• 125) Shibata A. & Kudo G. 2020. Floral abundance and bee density affect species-specific foraging patterns of alpine bumble bees. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 14: 771–783. doi: 10.1007/s11829-020-09787-0
• 124) Collins C.G. et al. 2020. Belowground impacts of alpine woody encroachment are determined by plant traits, local climate and soil conditions. Global Change Biology 26: 7122–7127. doi: 10.1111/gcb.15340
• 123) *Kudo G. & Hirao A.S. 2020. Geographical distribution, genetic diversity, and reproductive traits of mixed polyploid populations in Parasenecio kamtschaticus (Senecioneae; Asteraceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 306:1–11. doi: 10.1007/s00606-020-01714-3
• 122) Makoto K. & Kudo G. 2020. Intraspecific differentiation in the root system of Potentilla matsumurae along a snow-accumulation gradient in mid-altitude alpine environment. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 52:408–415. 1 e1463733. doi: 10.1080/15230430.2020.1794099

2019

• 121) Nakamura S. & Kudo G. 2019. The influence of garden flowers on pollinator visits to forest flowers: comparison of bumblebee habitat use between urban and natural areas. Urban Ecosystems 22: 1097-1112. doi: 10.1007/s11252-019-00891-5
• 120) *Kudo G. 2019. Dynamics of flowering phenology of alpine plant communities in response to temperature and snowmelt time: Analysis of a nine-year phenological record collected by citizen volunteers. Environmental and Experimental Botany 170:103843 doi: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2019.103843
• 119) Yamauchi A., Yamagishi T., Booton R., Telschow A. & Kudo G. 2019. Theory of coevolution of cytoplasmic male-sterility, nuclear restorer and selfing. Journal of Theoretical Biology 477: 96-107. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.06.011
• 118) *Kudo G. & Cooper E. 2019. When spring ephemerals fail to meet pollinators: mechanism of phenological mismatch and its impact on plant reproduction. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 286: 20190573. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0573
• 117) Nishikawa Y., Shimamura T., Kudo G. & Yabe K. 2019. Habitat use and floral resource partitioning of native and alien bumblebees in the coastal grassland-rural landscape. Journal of Insect Conservation 23: 677-687. doi: 10.1007/s10841-019-00161-x
• 116) Hirao A.S., Shimono Y., Narita K., Wada N. & Kudo G. 2019. Ecotypic divergences of the alpine herb Potentilla matsumurae adapted to fellfield-snowbed habitats across a series of mountain sky islands. American Journal of Botany 106: 772-787. doi: 10.1002/ajb2.1290
• 115) Amagai Y. & Kudo G. 2019. Responses of photochemical efficiency and shoot growth of alpine dwarf-pine Pinus pumila to experimental warming, shading, and defoliation in Japan. Alpine Botany 129: 43-52. doi: 10.1007/s00035-019-00217-3
• 114) Ishii H.S., Kubota M.X., Tsujimoto S.G. & Kudo G. 2019. Association between community assemblage of flower colours and pollinator fauna: a comparison between Japanese and New Zealand alpine plant communities. Annals of Botany 123: 533-541. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcy188

2018

• 113) Kawai Y. & Kudo G. 2018. Variations in ramet performance and the dynamics of an alpine evergreen herb, Gentiana nipponica, in different snowmelt conditions. American Journal of Botany 105: 1813-1823. doi: 10.1002/ajb2.1186
• 112) Amagai Y., Kudo G. & Sato K. 2018. Changes in alpine plant communities under climate change: dynamics of snow-meadow vegetation in northern Japan over the last 40 years. Applied Vegetation Science 2018: 1-11. doi: 10.1111/avsc.12387
• 111) *Kudo G., Aoshima Y., Miyata R. & Winkler D.E. 2018. Altered morphologies and physiological composition in a rapidly expanding dwarf bamboo in alpine ecosystems. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 50:1 e1463733.
• 110) Shibata A., Kameyama Y. & Kudo G. 2018. Restricted female function of hermaphrodites in a gynodioecious shrub, Daphne jezoensis (Thymelaeaceae). Journal of Plant Research 131: 245-254. doi: 10.1007/s10265-017-0978-5

2017

• 109) Mizunaga Y. & Kudo G. 2017. A linkage between flowering phenology and fruit-set success of alpine plant communities with reference to the seasonality and pollination effectiveness of bees and flies. Oecologia 185: 453-464. doi: 10.1007/s00442-017-3946-9
• 108) Wakui A., Sueyoshi M., Shimokawabe A., Kudo G., Morimoto J. & Nakamura F. 2017. Environmental factors determining the distribution of highland plants at low-altitude algific talus sites. Ecological Research 32: 183-191. doi: 10.1007/s11284-016-1429-9
• 107) MayerJ.R., Sanders N.J., Classen A.T., Bardgett R.D., Clement J.C., Fajardo A., Lavorel S., Sundqvist M.K., Bahn M., Chisholm C., Cieraad E., Gedalof Z., Grigulis K., Kudo G., Oberski D. & Wardle D.A. 2017. Elevation alters ecosystem properties across temperate treelines globally. Nature doi: 10.1038/nature21027
• 106) Shibata A. & Kudo G. 2017. Size-dependent sex allocation and reproductive investment in a gynodioecious shrub. AoB Plants 9: plw089. doi: 10.1093/aobpla/plw089

2016

• 105) *Kudo G., Kawai Y., Amagai Y. & Winkler D.E. 2016. Degradation and recovery of alpine plant community: experimental removal of an encroaching dwarf bamboo. Alpine Botany 127: 75-83. doi: 10.1007/s00035-016-0178-2
• 104) Winkler D.E., Amagai Y., Huxman T.E., Kaneko M. & Kudo G. 2016. Seasonal dry-down rates and high stress tolerance promote bamboo invasion above and below treeline. Plant Ecology 217: 1219-1234. doi: 10.1007/s11258-016-0649-y
• 103) Shimokawabe A., Yamaura Y., Sueyoshi M., Kudo G. & Nakamura F. 2016. Genetic structure of Vaccinium vitis-idaea in lowland cool spot and alpine populations: microrefugia of alpine plants in the midlatitudes. Alpine Botany 126: 143-151. doi: 10.1007/s00035-016-0169-3
• 102) Jagerbrand A. & Kudo G. 2016. Short-term responses in maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) to ex situ temperature treatment of populations of bryophytes originating from different sites in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Plants 5020022:
• 101) Nakamura S. & Kudo G. 2016. Foraging responses of bumble bees to rewardless floral patches: Importance of within-plant variance in nectar presentation. AoB Plants 8: plw037. doi: 10.1093/aobpla/plw037
• 100) *Sinclair J.P., Kameyama Y., Shibata A. & Kudo G. 2016. Male-biased hermaphrodites in a gynodioecious shrub, Daphne jezoensis. Plant Biology 18: 859-867. doi: 10.1111/plb.12463

2015

• 99) *Sunmonu N. & Kudo G. 2015. Warm temperature conditions restrict the sexual reproduction and vegetative growth of the spring ephemeral Gagea lutea (Liliaceae). Plant Ecology 216: 1419-1431. doi: 10.1007/s11258-015-0520-6
• 98) Amagai Y., Kaneko M. & Kudo G. 2015. Habitat-specific responses of shoot growth and distribution of alpine dwarf-pine (Pinus pumila) to climate variation. Ecological Research 30: 969-977. doi: 10.1007/s11284-015-1299-6
• 97) Ida T.Y., Harder L.D. & Kudo G.. 2015. The consequences of demand-driven seed provisioning for sexual differences in reproductive investment in Thalictrum occidentale (Ranunculaceae). Journal of Ecology 103: 269-280. doi: 10.111/1365-2745.12330
• 96) Kameyama Y. & Kudo G. 2015. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors acting on the reproductive process in alpine-snowbed plants: roles of phenology, biological interaction, and breeding system. Plant Species Biology 30: 3-15. doi: 10.1111/1442-1984.12070

2014

• 95) Jagerbrand A.K., Alatalo J.M. & Kudo G. 2014. Variation in responses to temperature treatments ex situ of the moss Pleurozium schreberi (Willd. ex Brid.) Mitt. originating from eight altitude sites in Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Bryology 36: 209-216. doi: 10.1179/1743282014Y.0000000095
• 94) Sunmonu N. & Kudo G. 2014. How do sink and source activities influence the reproduction and vegetative growth of spring ephemeral herbs under different light conditions? Journal of Plant Research 127: 503-511. doi: 10.1007/s10265-014-0640-4
• 93) Makoto K., Kajimoto T., Koyama L., Kudo G., Shibata H., Yanai Y. & Cornelissen J.H.C. 2014. Winter climate change in plant?soil systems: summary of recent findings and future perspectives. Ecological Research 29: 593-606. doi: 10.1007/s11284-013-1115-0
• 92) *Kudo G. 2014. Vulnerability of phenological synchrony between plants and pollinators in an alpine ecosystem. Ecological Research 29:571-581. doi: 10.1007/s11284-013-1108-z

2013

• 91) *Kudo G. & Ida T.Y. 2013. Early onset of spring increases the phenological mismatch between plants and pollinators. Ecology 94:2311-2320.
• 90) *Ishioka R., Mullar O., Hiura T. & Kudo G. 2013. Responses of leafing phenology and photosynthesis to soil warming in forest-floor plants. Acta Oecologica 51: 34-41.
• 89) Ida T.Y., Harder L.D. & Kudo G. 2013. Demand-driven resource investment in annual seed production by a perennial angiosperm precludes resource limitation. Ecology 94: 51-61.

2012

• 88) Sunmonu N., Ida T.Y. & Kudo G. 2012. Photosynthetic compensation by the reproductive structures in the spring ephemeral Gagea lutea. Plant Ecology 214: 175-188.
• 87) Hoshino B., Kudo G., Kaneko M., Taniuchi H., Iino H. & Yabuki T. 2012. Estimated soil moisture in vegetated area using multitemporal multipolarization data. IEEE IGARSS 2012, pp.654-657.
• 86) *Inari N., Hiura T., Toda M.J. & Kudo G. 2012. Pollination linkage between canopy flowering, bumble bee abundance and seed production of understory plants in a cool temperate forest. Journal of Ecology 100: 1534-1543. doi: 10.1111-j.1365-2745.2012.02021.x
• 85) Jagerbrand A.K., Kudo G., Alatalo J.M. & Molau U. 2012. Effects of neighboring vascular plants on the abundance of bryophytes in different vegetation types, Polar Science 6: 200-208. doi: 10.1016/j.polar.2012.02.002
• 84) Elmendorf S.C., Henry G.H.R., Hollister R.D. et al. 2012. Plot-scale evidence of tundra vegetation change and links to recent summer warming. Nature Climate Change doi: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1465
• 83) Elmendorf S.C., Henry G.H.R., Hollister R.D. et al. 2012. Global assessment of experimental climate warming on tundra vegetation: heterogeneity over space and time. Ecology Letters 15: 164-175. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01716.x
• 82) Ida T.Y., Harder L.D. & Kudo G. 2012. Effects of defoliation and shading on the physiological cost of reproduction in silky locoweed, Oxytropis sericea. Annals of Botany 109: 237-246.

2011

• 81) *Kudo G., Amagai Y., Hoshino B & Kaneko M. 2011. Invasion of dwarf bamboo into alpine snow-meadows in northern Japan: pattern of expansion and impact on species diversity. Ecology and Evolution 1: 85-96.doi: 10.1002/ece3.9
• 80) Kawai Y. & Kudo G. 2011. Local differentiation of flowering phenology in an alpine-snowbed herb Gentiana nipponica. Botany 89: 361-367.
• 79) Hirao A.S., Sato T. & Kudo G. 2011. Beringia is the phylogeographic origin of a circumpolar plant, Vaccinium uliginosum, that migrated to the Japanese archipelago. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 61:155-160.
• 78) *Kudo G., Kawai Y. & Hirao A.S. 2011. Pollination efficiency of bumblebee queens and workers in the alpine shrub Rhododendron aureum. International Journal of Plant Sciences 172:70-77.
• 77) Kameyama Y. & Kudo G. 2011. Clarification of genetic component of hybrids between Phyllodoce caerulea and Phyllodoce aleutica (Ericaceae) in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Plant Species Biology 26: 93-98.

2010

• 76) *Kudo G., Kimura M., Kasagi T., Kawai Y. & Hirao A.S. 2010. Habitat-specific responses of alpine plants to climatic amelioration: comparison of fellfield and snowbed communities. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 42:438-448.
• 75) Ida T.Y. & Kudo G. 2010. Seasonal patterns of carbon assimilation and allocation of a summer-green forest herb, Parasenecio auriculata (Senecioneae; Asteraceae). Plant Ecology 210:181-193.
• 74) Ida T.Y. & Kudo G. 2010. Modification of bumblebee behavior by floral color change and implications for pollen transfer in Weigela middendorffiana. Evolutionary Ecology 24:671-684.
• 73) *Kudo G. & Ida T.Y. 2010. Carbon source for reproduction in a spring ephemeral herb, Corydalis ambigua (Papaveraceae). Functional Ecology 24: 62-69.

2009

• 72) Hoshino B., Kudo G., Yabuki T., Kaneko M. & Ganzorig S. 2009. Investigation on the water stress in alpine vegetation using Hyperspectral Sensors. IEEE IGARSS 2009, pp.554-556.
• 71) Shimono Y., Watanabe M., Hirao A.S., Wada N. & Kudo G. 2009. Morphological and genetic variations of Potentilla matumurae (Rosaceae) between fellfield and snowbed populations. American Journal of Botany 96: 728-737.
• 70) Ida T.Y. & Kudo G. 2009. Comparisons of light harvesting and resource allocation strategies between two rhizomatous herbaceous species inhabiting deciduous forests. Journal of Plant Research 122: 171-181.
• 69) *Kameyama Y. & Kudo G. 2009. Flowering phenology influences seed production and outcrossing rate in populations of an alpine snowbed shrub, Phyllodoce aleutica: effects of pollinators and self-incompatibility. Annals of Botany 103: 1385-1394.
• 68) Kawai Y. & Kudo G. 2009. Effectiveness of buzz pollination in Pedicularis chamissonis: Significance of multiple visits by bumblebees. Ecological Research 24: 215-23.

2008

• 67) Ishii H.S., Hirabayashi Y. & Kudo G. 2008. Combined effects of inflorescence architecture, display size, plant density and empty flowers on bumble bee behaviour: experimental study with artificial inflorescences. Oecologia 156: 341-350.
• 66) Hirao A.S. & Kudo G. 2008. The effect of segregation of flowering time on fine-scale spatial genetic structure in an alpine-snowbed herb Primula cuneifolia. Heredity 100: 424-430.
• 65) Ida T.Y. & Kudo G. 2008. Timing of canopy closure influences carbon translocation and seed production of an understory herb,Trillium apetalon (Trilliaceae). Annals of Botany 101: 435-446.
• 64) Kameyama Y., Kasagi T. & Kudo G. 2008. A hybrid zone dominated by fertile F1s of two alpine shrub species, Phyllodoce caerulea and Phyllodoce aleutica, along a snowmelt gradient. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 21: 588-597.
• 63) *Kudo G., Ida T.Y. & Tani T. 2008. Linkages between phenology, pollination, photosynthesis, and plant reproduction in deciduous forest understory plants. Ecology 89: 321-331.
• 62) Cao G-X. & Kudo G. 2008. Size-dependent sex allocation in a monocarpic perennial herb, Cardiocrinum cordatum (Liliaceae). Plant Ecology 194:99-107.

2007

• 61) *Kudo G., Ishii H.S., Hirabayashi Y. & Ida T.Y. 2007. A test of the pollination effectiveness of floral color change using artificial inflorescences visited by bumblebees. Oecologia 154: 119-128.
• 60) Cao G-X., Kudo G. & Ida T.Y. 2007. Floral sex allocation of a hermaphrodite herb with 1-day flowers, Hosta rectifolia (Liliaceae). Plant Species Biology 22: 191-196.
• 59) *Horibata S., Hasegawa F.S. & Kudo G. 2007. Cost of reproduction in a spring ephemeral species Adonis ramosa (Ranunculaceae): carbon budget for seed production. Annals of Botany 100: 565-571.

2006

• 58) *Hirabayashi Y., Ishii S.I. & Kudo G. 2006. Significance of nectar distribution on bumblebee behavior within inflorescences with reference to inflorescence architecture and display size. Ecoscience 13: 351-359.
• 57) Tani T. & Kudo G. 2006. Seasonal pattern of leaf production and its effects on assimilation in giant summer-green herbs in deciduous forest in northern Japan. Canadian Journal of Botany 84: 87-98.
• 56) Hirao A.S., Kameyama Y., Ohara M., Isagi Y. & Kudo G. 2006. Seasonal changes in pollinator activity influence the pollen dispersal and seed production of the alpine shrub Rhododendron aureum (Ericaceae). Molecular Ecology 15: 1165-1173.
• 55) *Kudo G. & Hirao A.S. 2006. Habitat-specific responses in the flowering phenology and seed set of alpine plants to climate variation: Implications for global-change impacts. Population Ecology 48: 49-58.

2005

• 54) Kameyama Y., Kasagi T. & Kudo G. 2005. Eight microsatellite markers for sympatric alpine shrubs. Phyllodoce aleutica and P. caerulea (Ericaceae). Molecular Ecology Notes 6: 402-404.
• 53) Wada N., Watanuki K., Narita K., Suzuki S., Kudo G. & Kume A. 2005. Climate change and shoot elongation of alpine dwarf pine (Pinus pumila Regel): Comparisons between sex Japanese mountains. Phyton 45: 253-260.
• 52) Suzuki S. & Kudo G. 2005. Resource allocation pattern under simulated environmental change and seedling establishment of alpine dwarf shrubs in the mid-latitude mountain. Phyton 45: 409-414.
• 51) *Kudo G. & Kasagi T. 2005. Micro-scale variations in the mating system and heterospecific incompatibility mediated by pollination competition in alpine snowbed plants. Plant Species Biology 20: 95-105.
• 50) *Kudo G. & Harder L.D. 2005. Effectiveness of floral and inflorescence traits on pollen removal and seed production of six legume species. Functional Ecology 19:245-254.
• 49) *Hasegawa T. & Kudo G. 2005. Comparisons of growth schedule, reproductive property and allocation pattern among three rhizomatous Polygonatum species with reference to the habitat type. Plant Species Biology 20: 9-18.
• 48) Shimono Y. & Kudo G. 2005. Comparisons of germination traits of alpine plants between fellfield and snowbed habitats. Ecological Research 20: 189-197.
• 47) Tani T. & Kudo G. 2005. Overwintering leaves of a forest-floor fern, Dryopteris crassirhizoma (Dryopteridace): a small contribution to the resource storage and photosynthetic carbon gain. Annals of Botany 95: 263-270.
• 46) Kasagi T. & Kudo G. 2005. Interspecific pollinator movements and heterospecific-incompatibility: comparisons between Phyllodoce caerulea and Phyllodoce aleutica along snowmelt gradients. Evolutionary Ecology Research 7: 73-87.

2004

• 45) Hirao A.S. & Kudo G. 2004. Landscape genetics of alpine-snowbed plants: comparisons along geographic and snowmelt gradients. Heredity 93: 290-298.
• 44) *Kudo G. & Kasagi T. 2004. Floral sex allocation in Corydalis ambigua populations visited by different pollinators. Ecoscience 11: 218-227.
• 43) *Kudo G. & Suzuki S. 2004. Flowering phenology of tropical-alpine dwarf trees on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. Journal of Tropical Ecology 20: 563-571.

2003

• 42) Ida T.Y. & Kudo G. 2003. Floral color change in Weigela middendorffiana (Caprifoliaceae): Reduction of geitonogamous pollination by bumble bees. American Journal of Botany 90: 1751-1757.
• 41) *Kudo G., Nishikawa Y., Kasagi T. & Kosuge S. 2004. Does seed production of spring ephemerals decrease when spring comes early? Ecological Research 19: 255-259.
• 40) Kasagi T. & Kudo G. 2003. Variations in bumblebee preference, pollen limitation, and selfing ability among neighboring populations: Comparisons between Phyllodoce caerulea and Phyllodoce aleutica (Ericaceae) along snowmelt gradients. American Journal of Botany 90: 1321-1327.
• 39) *Kudo G. 2003. Variations in leaf traits and susceptibility to insect herbivory within a Salix miyabeana population under field conditions. Plant Ecology 169: 61-69.
• 38) *Kudo G. 2003. Anther arrangement influences pollen deposition and removal in hermaphrodite flowers. Functional Ecology 17: 349-355.
• 37) *Kudo G. & Suzuki S. 2003. Warming effects on growth, production, and vegetation structure of alpine shrubs: A five-year experiment in northern Japan. Oecologia 135: 280-287.
• 36) Tani T. & Kudo G. 2003. Storage ability of overwintering leaves and rhizomes in a semi-evergreen fern, Dryopteris crassirhizoma (Dryopteridaceae). Ecological Research 18: 15-24.
• 35) Shimono Y. & Kudo G. 2003. Intraspecific variations in seedling emergence and survival of Potentilla matsumurae (Rosaceae) between alpine fellfield and snowbed habitats. Annals of Botany 91:21-29.

2002

• 34) *Kudo G. & Suzuki S. 2002. Relationship between flowering phenology and fruit-set of dwarf shrubs in alpine fellfields in northern Japan: A comparison with a subarctic heathland in northern Sweden. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 34: 185-190.
• 33) *Kudo G. & Suzuki S. 2002. Flowering phenology of tropical-alpine plants on Mount Kinabalu: Preliminary report of two-year observation. Sabah Parks Nature Journal 5: 143-152.

2001

• 32) Shimono Y. & Kudo G. 2001. Pattern of seedling emergence of alpine plants: comparisons between fellfield and snowbed habitats. Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research 54: 467-478.
• 31) Kasagi T. & Kudo G. 2001. Variations in floral traits of sympatric alpine shrubs, Phyllodoce caerulea and Phyllodoce aleutica, along snowmelt gradients. Polar Bioscience 14: 99-109.
• 30) *Kudo G., Molau U. & Wada N. 2001. Leaf-trait variation of tundra plants along a climatic gradient: an integration of responses in evergreen and deciduous species. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 33: 181-190.
• 29) *Kudo G., Maeda T. & Narita K. 2001. Variation in floral sex allocation and reproductive success within inflorescences of Corydalis ambigua (Fumariaceae): Pollination efficiency or resource limitation? Journal of Ecology 89: 48-56.

2000

• 28) Suzuki S. & Kudo G. 2000. Responses of alpine shrubs to simulated environmental change during three years in the mid-latitude mountain, northern Japan. Ecography 25: 553-564.

1999

• 27) *Tamura S. & Kudo G. 1999. Wind pollination and insect pollination of two temperate willow species, Salix miyabeana and Salix sachalinensis. Plant Ecology 147: 185-192.
• 26) *Kudo G., Nordenhall U. & Molau U. 1999. Effects of snow-melt timing on leaf traits, leaf production and shoot growth of alpine plants: Comparisons along a snow-melt gradient in northern Sweden. Ecoscience 6: 439-450.
• 25) *Kudo G. & Molau U. 1999. Variations of reproductive traits at inflorescence and flower levels of an arctic legume, Astragalus alpinus L.: Comparisons between a subalpine and an alpine population. Plant Species Biology 14: 181-191.

1998

• 24) *Kudo G. & Kitayama K. 1998. Drought effects on the summit vegetation on Mount Kinabalu by an El Nino event in 1998. Sabah Parks Nature Journal 2:101-110.
• 23) *Kudo G. & Maeda T. 1998. Size-dependent variation of phenotypic gender and functional gender of a spring ephemeral, Anemone debilis Fisch. Plant Species Biology 13: 69-76.
• 22) Wada N., Kudo G. & Kojima S. 1998. Gender variation of Dryas octopetala along snowmelt and latitudinal gradients in the Subarctic and the High Arctic. Polar Bioscience 12: 87-99.
• 21) *Kudo G. & Suzuki S. 1998. Flowering phenology of alpine plant communities along a gradient of snowmelt timing. Polar Bioscience 12: 100-113.

1997

• 20) Suzuki S. & Kudo G. 1997. Short-term effects of simulated environmental change on phenology, leaf traits, and shoot growth of alpine plants in a temperate mountain, northern Japan. Global Change Biology 3 (suppl.): 108-115.
• 19) *Kudo G. 1997. Sex expression and fruit set of an andromonoecious herb, Peucedanum multivittatum (Umbelliferae) along a snowmelt gradient. Opera Botanica 132: 121-128.

1996

• 18) Sato T., Ito H., Kudo G., Kheong Y. S. & Furukawa A. 1996. Species composition and structure of epiphytic fern community on oil palm trunks in Malay archpelago. Tropics 6: 139-148.
• 17) *Kudo G. 1996. Herbivory pattern and induced responses to simulated herbivory in Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata. Ecological Research 11: 283-289.
• 16) *Kudo G. 1996. Effects of snow-melt timing on reproductive phenology and pollination process of alpine plants. Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research, Special Issue 51: 71-82.
• 15) *Kudo G. 1996. Intraspecific variations of leaf traits in several deciduous species with reference to the length of growing season. Ecoscience 3: 483-489.

1995

• 14) Nishikawa Y. & Kudo G. 1995. Relationship between flower number and reproductive success of a spring ephemeral herb, Anemone flaccida (Ranunculaceae). Plant Species Biology 10: 111-118.
• 13) Kikuzawa K. & Kudo G. 1995. Effects of length of the snow-free period on leaf longevity in alpine shrubs: a cost-benefit model. Oikos 73: 214-220.
• 12) *Kudo G. 1995. Altitudinal effects on leaf traits and shoot growth of Betula platyphylla var. japonica. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25: 1881-1885.
• 11) *Kudo G. 1995. Leaf traits and shoot performance of an evergreen shrub, Ledum palustre ssp. decumbens, in accordance with latitudinal change. Canadian Journal of Botany 73: 1451-1456.
• 10) *Kudo G. 1995. Ecological significance of flower heliotropism in the spring ephemeral Adonis ramosa (Ranunculaceae). Oikos 72: 14-20.

1993

• 9) Uemura S., Ohkawara K., Kudo G., Wada N. & Higashi S. 1993. Heat production and cross-pollination of the Asian skunk cabbage Symplocarpus renifolius (Araceae). American Journal of Botany 80: 635-640.
• 8) *Kudo G. 1993. Relationship between flowering time and fruit set of the entomophilous alpine shrub, Rhododendron aureum (Ericaceae), inhabiting snow patches. American Journal of Botany 80: 1300-1304.
• 7) *Kudo G. 1993. Size-dependent resource allocation pattern and gender variation of Anemone debilis Fisch. Plant Species Biology 8: 29-34.

1992

• 6) *Kudo G. & Ito K. 1992. Plant distribution in relation to the length of the growing season in a snow-bed in the Taisetsu Mountains, northern Japan. Vegetatio 98: 165-174.
• 5) *Kudo G. 1992. Performance and phenology of alpine herbs along a snow-melting gradient. Ecological Research 7: 297-304.
• 4) *Kudo G. 1992. Pre-flowering and fruiting periods of alpine plants in snow-bed. Journal of Phytogeography and Taxonomy 40: 101-108.
• 3) *Kudo G. 1992. Effect of snow-free duration on leaf life-span of four alpine plant species. Canadian Journal of Botany 70: 1684-1688.

1991

• 2) *Kudo G. 1991. Effects of snow-free period on the phenology of alpine plants inhabiting snow patches. Arctic and Alpine Research 23: 436-443.

1988

• 1) *Kudo G. & Ito K. 1988. Rhizome development ofPhragmites australis in a reed community. Ecological Research 3: 239-252.

Book Chapter

• Kudo G. (2006) Flowering phonologies of animal-pollinated plants: reproductive strategies and agents of selection. In: Harder L.D. & Barrett S.C.H. eds. Ecology and Evolution of Flowers. Oxford University Press. (ISBN 0-19-857086-4)

• Kudo G. (2016) Landscape Structure of Flowering Phenology in Alpine Ecosystems: Significance of Plant-Pollinator Interactions and Evolutionary Aspects. In: G. Kudo (ed.) Structure and Function of Mountain Ecosystems in Japan. Springer. (doi: 10.1007/978-4-431-55954-2, ISSN 2191-0707)

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