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(First upload on September 2 2009. Last on July 23 2019) [ 日本語 | English ]

Ixeris (Cass.) Cass. (ニガナ) I. dentata (Thunb.) Nakai Nigana (ニガナ, 苦菜) Lifeform: perennial forb (morphologically diverse) Distribution: East Asia (Mongolia - China - Korea - Japan) Habitat: sunny sites, e.g., roadsides and grasslands Ligulate: usually 5 Seed dispersal: wind Synonyms: Ixeridium dentatum (Thunb.) Tzvelev ssp. dentatum, separated from Ixeris ssp. kimurana Kitamura (クモマニガナ) ssp. alpicola (Takeda) Kitamura (タカネニガナ) var. albiflora (Makino) Nakai (シロバナニガナ) f. amplifolia (Kitamura) Hiyama (ハナニガナ) Ligulate: 8-10 Synonyms: Ixeris dentata (Thunb.) Nakai var. albiflora (Makino) Nakai

Ixeridium dentatum (Thunb.) Tzvelev ssp. nipponicum (Nakai) J. H. Pak et Kawano var. albiflorum (Makino) Tzvelev f. amplifolium (Kitam.) H. Nakai et H. Ohashi f. albida Kitamura (シロニガナ) Ixeridium (A. Gray) Tzvelev (ニガナ) Ixeridium dentatum (Thunb.) Tzvelev ssp. dentatum (ニガナ) f. stoloniferum (Kitam.) Yonek. (ハイニガナ) ssp. kimuranum (Kitam.) J. H. Pak et Kawano (クモマニガナ) ssp. kitayamense (Murata) J. H. Pak et Kawano (ドロニガナ) ssp. nipponicum (Nakai) J. H. Pak et Kawano (イソニガナ) var. albiflorum (Makino) Tzvelev (シロバナニガナ) f. leucanthum (H. Hara) H. Nakai et H. Ohashi (シロバナニガナ, s.s.)

f. amplifolium (Kitam.) H. Nakai et H. Ohashi (ハナニガナ) f. atropurpureum (Nakai) H. Nakai et H. Ohashi (クロニガナ) ssp. ozense (Sugim.) Yonek. (オゼニガナ) ssp. shiranense (Kitam.) J. H. Pak et Kawano (シラネニガナ)

Ixeris dentata in Hokkaido

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var. albiflora f. amplifolia

1 2 3
[1-3] near a transplanted forest of Fraxinus mandshurica in the Experimental Forest of the University of Tokyo, Furano, central Hokkaido, on June 28 2017.

Mount Usu (flora)

var. albiflora

1 2 3
[1] in the crater basin on July 14 2009. [2/3] in the crater basin on July 13 2015. Records: flowering in the crater basin on July 22 2023.

var. albiflora f. amplifolia

1 2 3
[1-3] on the crater basin on July 14 2009. These two varieties established sympatrically.

Mount Koma (flora)

1 2 3
[1/2] on the southwestern slope on July 9 2017. [3] near the permanent plots on the summit area on July 9 2019.

Hokkaido

1 2 3
[1/2] on a grassland dominated by yellow-flowered Ixeris dentata on a trail to go Mount Tomamu (1,239 m elevation) on July 20 2012. [3] along the shore of Echigo Pond in Ebetsu City on October 8 2017.