Algae

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Algae (藻類)

Mount Usu / Sarobetsu post-mined peatland
From left: Crater basin in 1986 and 2006. Cottongrass / Daylily

HOME > Lecture catalog / Research summary > Glossary > Biology > Algae

(Bold & Wynne 1985)

Phycology (藻類学)

The scientific study of all aspects of alga
Alga are important to understand marine ecosystems, becasue they are producers in the ecosystems.
[culture (培地)]

Algae, pl. alga (藻類)

Lower colored plants in water
Materials: phytoplantic and benthic algae

Aerobic algae, soil algae, thermal algae, crystal algae / Symbiotic algae, parasitic algae

[seagrass, algal fossil, ocean ecology]

Seaweed (海藻)

General name of benthic marine algae

Seagrass (海草)

General name of seed plants grown in marine, fully-saline environment, recorded from four families

Habitat:

Epilitic: living on rocks or stones
Epiphytic: living on plants
Epizoic: living on animals

Water bloom: abnormal mass breeding of plankton, Akashio: abnormal mass breeding of red algae)

Morphology (形態)

Zoosporangium (pl. -a) (遊走子嚢): a sporangium that produces zoospores (unilocular zoosporangium: a zoosporangium in which all the zoospores are produced in a single cavity)

Taxonomy (分類)

1883 Eichler AW

first attempt of natural classification of lower plants, including fungi and algae
algae = Cyanophyceae + Diatomeae + Chlorophyceae (Conjugatae, Zoospporeae and Characeae)

Division

Charophyta (輪藻)
Chlorophyta, green algae (緑藻)
Euglenophyta (緑虫藻植物門)
Phaeophyta, brown algae (褐藻)
Rhodophyta, red algae (紅藻)
Cyanophyta, blue-green algae (藍藻)

Hiroo
The mouth of Hiroo River, eastern
Hokkaido, on June 20 2013
(provided by UHB on May 21 2017)

Division Charophyta (輪藻植物門)

brittlewort (n): a name applied to calcareous members of the Charophyta

nd: node 節, br: bract 苞 , st: stiple 托葉, s: stipulode, in: internode, bt: bract, bl: bracteole, a: antheridium 造精器, o: oogonium 造卵器 Charophyta

Fig. Male organ of Charophyta. enveloping cell (tube cell) (被嚢細胞) = 5. coronula (小冠細胞)

Taxonomical group

Class Charophyceae シャジクモ網(輪藻網)
Order Sycidiales (including Sycidium palaeozoic fossils)
Order Trochiliscales (including Trochiliscus palaeozoic fossils)
Order Charales シャジクモ
Characeae: Chara, Lamprothamnium, Lychnothamnus, Nitella (フラスコモ) [f.<1. nitere(光る) + ella(愛称)。植物体が水中で明るく美しい], Nitellopsis (ホシツリモ), Tolypella
Chara (シャジクモ), f<g 喜ぶ
C. brauni Gmelin (シャジクモ): Plants monoecious (雌雄同株), l0-25(40) cm high, incrusted or sometimes zonally incrusted with lime, totally uncorticated and therefore without spine cells. Stem (主軸) 0.3-1 mm thick. Stipulodes forming a single whorl at each node, alternate with and equal in number of the branchlets, sometimes inconspicuous and at times prominently developed, 150-2000 μm long. Branchlets 8-11 in a whorl with 3-4 articulations except the short terminal crown of 3 mucronate (小棘状突起のある/微凸形の), mucronated (棘状突起のある), mucronulate (超微細突起のある) cells; bract-cells unilateral or somewhat verticillate, developed or inconspicuous; bracteoles as long as the oogonia or sometimes shorter. Female and male gametangia produced at the two lowest nodes, usually conjunct. Antheridia 240-270 μm in diameter. Oogonia solitary or geminate, 700-1100 μm long by 400-500 μm broad with 10 spiral convolutions; coronula 150-170 μm long, 220-250 μm broad at the base. Oospore ellipsoid (楕円体) or long elliptical, 550-750 μm long, by 280-470 μm broad, black and opaque; ridges 7-12 prominent or inconspicuous. (Imahori 1954)
→ filamentous without branching, cell sylindrical, multiple nucleus, coronula = 1 cell (→ Nitella)
Distributed in Japan (ponds, marshes, dictches, paddy fields, and rivers). Fresh and brakish water (cf. Cladophorales シオグサ目)
Paleocharaceae (including Paleochara palaeozoic fossils)
Clavatoraceae (including Clavator mesozoic fossils)
Lagynophoraceae (incluing Lagynophora mesozoic fossils)

[ evolution ]

Division Chlorophyta (緑藻植物門), green algae

Fig. Chlorophyta (morphology)

Fig. Chlorophyta (morphology and phylogeny)

Phylogeny and taxonomy

Class Chlorophyceae (緑藻鋼)

uninucleate (single nucleus)

Order Volvocales (オオヒゲマワリ)

Most of them in freshwater
Chlamydomonadaceae
Chlamydomonas Ehrenberg: C. nivalis (紅雪藻)
Volvox (L.) Ehrenberg (オオヒゲマワリ)

Fig. Formation of daughter coenobium, antheridium, oogonia and zygote in Volvox.

Fig. Unicellular forms in Volvocales

Fig. Colonial forms in Volvocales

Gonidium (pl. –a) (ゴニジア/緑顆体): an asexual, non-mobile reproductive cells, as in Volvox

Hematococcaceae
Polyblepharidaceae
Phacotaceae

Order Tetrasporales (ヨツメモ)

Tetrasporaceae
Palmellaceae
Chlorangiaceae

Order Chlorococcales (クロロコックム)

Major freshwater phytoplankton, as well as Zygnematales
Chlorococcaceae

Fig. Chlorococcaceae

Autospore (自生胞子): a nonmotile spore that is the miniature of the cell from which it is derived; not potensitally flagellate, ontogenetically
Autosporangium (pl. –a, 自生胞子嚢): a cell or sporangium that contains autospores

synchronized culture
Fig. Change in cell number and
cell volume in synchorinzed
cluture of Chlorella ellipoidea.

Class Prasinophyceae (Loxophyceae, プラシノ藻)

uninucleate

Order Mamiellales

in cluding Prasinococcales and Nephroselmidales

Order Pseudoscourfieldiales

Order Chlorodendrales

Order Pyramimonadales

Class Bryopsidophceae (Siphonophyceae)

multi-nuculeus

Subclass Hemisiphoniidae

multi-nuculeus cell

Order Chladphorales (シオグサ)

Order Sphaeroplales

Order Acrosiphonales

Subclass Cystosiphoniidae

Order Siphonocladales

Order Dasycladales (カサノリ)

Dasycladus: gametangium

Gametangium (pl. –a): a container in which gametes are produced
Gamete: a sexually active cell capable of uniting with a compatible cell to form a zygote
Gametophyte: the sexual, gamete-producing phase in the life history of a plant

Gametophyte development
Gametophyte generation
Gametophyte tissue
Female gametophyte → male gametophyte

Gametophore: a branch bearing a gametangium or gametangia

Bornetella
Polyphysaceae (カサノリ)
Acetabularia (カサノリ): A. acetabulum (L.) P. C. Silva (syn. A. mediterranea J. V. Lamouroux), A. ryukyuensis Okamura et Yamada (カサノリ, endemict to sourthernmost Japan)

Merotomy: the cutting up or division of cells into several portions, with or without nuclei, e.g., the experimental grafting on Acetabularia

Subclass Eusiphoniidae

Order Derbesiales

Order Codiales

Order Caulerpales

Caulerpaceae (イワヅタ)
Caulerpa (イワヅタ)

Caulerpicin (n): a toxin produced by Caulerpa

Order Bryopsidales (ハネモ)

Order Dicholomosiphonales

Class Oedogoniophyceae (サヤミドロ)

Order Oedogoniales (サヤミドロ)

Fig. Oedogonium
___(Oedogonium)___(Ulothrix)_____(Sphaeroplea)

Class Zygnematophyceae (Conyngatophyceae) (ホシミドロ)

Order Zygnematales

Desmidiaceae (ツヅミモ)

Placoderm desmid: members of the Desmidiaceae in which cell walls of the semicells are of different ages

Eremosphaeraceae

Chlorellaceae
Fig. Chlorella vulgaris

Chlorellaceae (クロレラ)
Chlorella M. Beijerinck

C. vulgaris Beijerinck
C. pyrenoidosa Chick, used for medicines (fibromyalgia, hypertension, ulcerative colitis, etc.)

Prototheca Krüger
Hydrodictiaceae (アミミドロ)
Hydrodictyon (アミミドロ): H. reticulatum (アミミドロ)

Fig. Life-cycle of Hydrodictyon reticulatum

Order Ulotrichales (ヒビミドロ)

Suborder Ulotrichineae (ヒビミドロ)

Isogamy or anisogamy

Suborder Ulvineae (アオサ)

Ulvaceae (アオサ)
Enteromorpha Link (アオノリ)
Letterstedtia Areschoug (ヤブレグサ)
Monostroma Thuret (ヒトエグサ): M. nitidum (ヒトエグサ), sometimes established the family
Ulva L. (U. pertusa アナアオサ)

M. oxyspermum

M. fuscum var. splendens (Ulvaria)
Fig. Life cycles of Monostroma complex

Suborder Prasiolineae (カワノリ)

Prasiolaceae (カワノリ)
Prasiola (カワノリ), Schizogonium

Fig. Prasiola japonica

Table. Mitsusawa in Okutama (奥多摩三沢)

Month         1   2   3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10   11   12
Water temp.  4.8 5.2 6.8 10.0 12.6 14.7 16.9 18.0 16.1 13.4 10.4 7.8
Reproduction
  Sexual     ▆▆▆▆▆▆▆▆▆▆▆▆▆▆▆▆▆▆                          ▆▆▆▆▆▆▆▆▆▆▆
  Asexual                               ▆▆▆▆▆▆▆▆▆▆▆▆▆▆▆

Suborder Sphaeropleineae (ヨコカワミドロ)

Sphaeropleaceae
Sphaeroplea (S. annulina, grown in paddy fields)

Fig. Life-cycle of Sphaeroplea annuliana

Order Chaetophorales (カエトフォラ)

Fig. Chaetophorales

Order Oedogoniales (サヤミドロ)

Order Sihponales (クダモ, 管状藻)

Separated into three orders (Siphonocladales + Dasycladales + Siphonales, s.s.)

Order Sihpnocladales (ネダシグサ)

Order Zygnematales (ホシミドロ)

Mesotaeniaceae
Goantozygaceae
Zygnemataceae (ホシミドロ)
Spirogyra Link (アオミドロ)
green

Fig. Life cycle of Spirogyra (アオミドロ)
Desmidiaceae (チリモ)
green

Fig. Life cycle of Cladophora sp. (シオグサ)

Fig. Life cycle of Derbesia marina (ホソツユノイト)
Codium

Fig. Life cycle of Codium fragile (ミル)

Fig. Life cycle of Cosmarium botrytis

Fig. Life-cycle of Chlorella ellipsoidea
Chlorella ellipsoidea Gerneck (syn. Chloroidium ellipsoideum (Gerneck) Darienko, et al.

Division Euglenophyta (緑虫藻植物門)

Photosynthetic production: paramylon = a β-1, 3-glucose polymer, a food reserve of Euglenophycophyta

Class Eugelnophyceae (緑虫)

Order Euglenales 緑虫

algal body: mobile monocellurar cell

Euglenaceae

Euglena Ehrenberg

E. agilis H. J. Carter (ミゾミドリムシ)
E. deses Ehrenberg
E. gracilis Klebs (ヒメミドリムシ): model organism
E. proxima P. A. Dangeard
E. viridis (O. F. Müller) Ehrenberg

Fig. Euglena morphology.

Astasiaceae

Rhynchopodaceae

Peranemaceae

Rhizaspidaceae

Order Colaciales

Algal body: adherent, tufted cology
Zoospore cells, showing the characteristics of Euglenophyta

Colaciaceae

Colacium Ehrenberg

Division Phaeophyta (褐藻植物門), brown algae

Growth (成長)

apical growth (頂端成長): growth at the apex of a plant
marginal growth (縁辺成長)
trichothallic growth (頂毛成長)
interculary growth (介生成長)
diffuse growth (拡散成長)

Phyletic evolution (系統進化)

Class Isogenerate 同型世代鋼

Order Ectocarpales (シオミドロ)

diffuse growth (haplostichous growth)
trichothallic growth (apical growth)
ectocarpin (エクトカルピン): an erotactin (sex hormone) produced by female gametes of the brown alga Ectocarpus, causing cluster formation by the male gametes and their accumulation at the source of the hormone

Order Ralfsiales (イソガワラ)

Order Sphacelariales (クロガシラ)

meriblastic (adj.): pattern of branchin (in Sphacelaria) in which the branch primordium originates from only a part of a secondary segment

Order Cutleriales (ムチモ)

Order Sporochnales (ケヤリ)

Order Desmarestiales (ウルシグサ)

Desmarestiaceae ウルシグサ

Fig. Desmarestia

Order Tiplopteridales (ティロプテリス)

Order Dictyotales (アミジグサ)

Dictyotaceae (アミジグサ): Plants of moderate to large size, simple or branched, the divisions growing from apical cells of marginal rows of apical cells, forming fanlike, foliaceous, strap-shaped branching thalli, usually composed of cortical and medullary layers of cells; sexual and asexual generations distinct, the plants of the two phases similar in form; asexua1 reproductive elements consisting of sporangia in which four or eight nonmotile aplanospores (commonly called tetraspores) are produced; sexual reproductive elements, eggs, borne singly in the superficial oögonia，and probably uniflagellate antherozöids, borne in great number in the superficial plurilocular antheridia.
Dictyota Lamouroux, 1809 (アミジグサ): Plants erect, bushy, brown or sometimes iridescent, attached by a small irregular fibrous holdfast and often by secondary holdfasts on branches in contact with the substratum; generally dichotomously, less often pinnately, branched, each branch developing by regular segmentation from a conspicuous, shallow, convex apical cell; medulla of one layer of regularly placed cells, covered on each surface by a one-celled cortical layer; hairs developed in inconspicuous tufts (房, adj. tufted) scattered over the thallus; reproductive organs as typical for the family, the tetrasporangia scattered, the gametangia in sori.
D. dichotoma (Hudson) Lamouroux (アミジグサ): Plants to about 1 dm tall, occasionally to 3.5 dm., bushy, usually regularly dichotomous, forking at angles of 15-45o, usually with narrow sinuses, with little general decrease in width from the base to the upper branches, the lower segments a little broader below each fork than just above it, the terminal divisions somewhat tapered, but hardly acute; segments 2-5 mm. broad, the internodes 1.0-2.5 cm. long; rarely proliferous except at the base, which in color and texture is much like the rest of the plant.

Fig. Dictyota dichotoma (アミジグサ): n. Thueet, Cohn u. Präp. Geuber. 1 Habitushild. 2 Keimling n. Cohn. 3 Sprofisoheitel von der Flicbe. 4 Ders im Langaschnitt. 5 Sprosschoitel mit beginnendar Dichotomierung. 6 Dere. Schwach vergrusert. 7 Querschbnit eines Keimlings.

Fig. Dictyota dichotoma n. Thuret. 1-3 Thallus cross-section, 1 with sporangium, 2 with waiblicham, 3 with mhantichem Borus. 4 spermatozoid n. Willcame. 5 Ei em Moment der Betruchgang n. Williamb.

Class Heterogenerate (異型世代鋼)

Subclass Haplostichineae

Order Chordariales (ナガマツモ)

Order Dictyosiphonales (ウイキョウモ)

Order Scytosiphonales (カヤモノリ)

(separated from Dictyoshiphonales)

Subclass Polystichineae

Order Laminariales (コンブ)

Growth in length and sorus formation through life in Laminaria angustata.

Laminariaceae (コンブ)
Agarum アナメ
Arthrothamnus ネコアシコンブ
Laminaria
Costaria スジメ
Cymathere ミスジコンブ
Hedophyllum クロシオメ
Kjellmaniella トロロコンブ
Laminaria コンブ (L. religiosa Miyabe ホソメコンブ, L. ochotensis Miyabe リシリコンブ) (s: 子嚢群 sorus, A-D: 分類観察部位)
distribution

● L. religiosa Miyabe
● L. japonica Areschoug
● L. ochotensis Miyabe
● L. diabolica Miyabe
● L. longissima Miyabe
● L. angustata Kjellman

Streptophyllum ネジレコンブ
Thallassiophyllum キクイシコンブ
Undaria
Blade (葉身/葉): the broad, membranous distal portions of kelp plants

Fig. 1. Formation of sorus in Laminariales. From left to right, Laminaria, Undaria, Alaria, and Egregia. A: blade or lamina (葉状部), B: transition zone (介生分裂組織), C: stipe (茎状部), D: haptera or haldfast (付着器)

Fig. Structure of Laminaria

Fig. 2. Life cycle of Laminaria (L. angustata)
Chordaceae (ツルモ): Chorda Stackhouse Alariaceae (チガイソ): Alaria

Lessoniaceae (レッソニア)
Macrocystis Agardh (1 M. pyrifera), Lessonia Bory (2 L. fuscescens), Nereocystis Postel et Ruprecht (3 N. luetkeana), 4 Pelagophycus porra, 5 Postelsia palmaeformis.

Class Cyclosporae (円胞子鋼)

Order Fucales (ヒバマタ)

Fig. Fucus serratus
conceptacle (生殖器巣): a near-spherical invagination or cavity containing reproductive structures, such as in Fucales and Corallinaceae
exocite: the outermost layer of the oogonium in the Fucales
Fucaceae Anderson, 1763 (ヒバマタ) (adj. fucacean)

ostiole (小孔): an opening as in the conceptacle of fucalean algae
endochite: the innermost layer of the Fucalean oogonium
mesochite: the middle layer in the oogonial wall of Fucalean algae

Division Rhodophyta, s.l. (紅藻), red algae

≈ subkingdom Rhodoplantae
Assimilatory pigments

chl a, b, c
phycoerythrin: red biliprotein pigment of blue-green algae and red algae
phycocyanin b, c, γ: blue biliprotein pigment of blue-green and red alage carotenoid α, β carotene
lutein
zeaxanthin

photosystem II related pigments = phycobilin (フィコビリン) → biliprotein pigments of blue-green and red algae

phycobilisome (フィコビリソーム): the cellular organelle on the surface of thylakoids in which the biliprotein pigments are present in blue-green and red algae

Assimilation products

floridoside (フロリドシド), ect.

Storage substance

floridean starch (紅藻デンプン), sterols, etc.

Phylesis (need re-construction)

Phylum Cyanidiophyta

moved from Cyanophyta
= Class Cyanidiophyceae = Order Cyanidiales = Cyanidiaceae 5 species in 5 genera
Rhodospora, Cyanidioschyzon, Cyanidium, Rhodococcus, Galdieria

Phylum Rhodophyta

Class Bangiophyceae ウシケノリ鋼, or

Class Protoflorideophyceae 原始紅藻鋼

= Protoflorideae, Bangioideae

Fig. Protoflorideae (Bangiales): A: Erythrocladia subintegra, B: Calaconema simplex, C: Porphyropsis subintegra, D: Erythrotrichia reflexa

Order Porphyridiales (チリノモ)

Porphyridiaceae
Chroothece, Porphyridium

red algae
Chroothece mobilis

Porphyridium ceruentum

Order Goniotrichales ベニミドロ

Goniotrlchaceae (Stylonemataceae)
Asterocytis, Bangiopsis, Goniotricum
red algae

Stylonema alsidii (Zanardini) K. M. Drew (Syn. Goniotrichum alsidii)
Phragmonemataceae フラグモネマタ
Phragmonema

Order Bangiales ウシケノリ

Conchosporangium (pl. -a): a type of enlarged sporangium usually produced in series ("fertile cell rows") by the conchocelis phase of several members of the Bangiales
Conchospore: a spore produced and released singly by a conchosporangium
Erythropeltidaceae ホシノイト
Colathrocladia, Erythrocladia, Erythropeltis, Kyliniella, Membranella, Porphyropsis, Smithora
Bangiaceae ウシケノリ
Bangia ウシケノリ, Erythrotrichia, Porphyra アマノリ

Fig. Periods of the growth of different Porphyra and seasonal changes of their reproductive organs.

-------- : plant bearing neutral sporangia only. - - - -: plant bearing neutral sporangia and antheridia. ········: plant bearing neutral sporangia and cystocarps. ••••••••: plant bearing antheridia and cystocarps. ======: liberation of monospores of conchocelis

Class Florideophyceae (Florideae) 真正紅藻鋼

Gonimoblast (造果糸): a filament bearing a carpospore or carpospores or the entire collection of these filaments comprising the carposprophyte

Cystocarp (嚢果): the carposporophyte and any immediately surrounding envelope or pericarp provided by the gametophyte (→ cf. pericarp)

Pericarp (子嚢): a sterile covering around a carposporophyte (in the Florideophycidae)
axis

Fig. Differentiation of filaments within axes of erect Florideophycean fronds. A, uniaxial erect frond (単軸型), with filament of unlimited growth (u) and filaments of limited growth (l); B, multiaxial erect frond (多軸型), with filaments of unlimited growth (u) and filaments of limited growth (l). (Modified after Scagel)
(a) Uniaxial form
Acrochaetiaceae (Chantransiaceae)
Acrochaetium, Rhodochorton: monostichous
Batrachospermaceae カワモズク
Batrachospermum カワモズク: B. ectocarpum, B. moniliforme, B. testale, B. virgatum, B. coerulescens, B. graibussoniense, B. vagum, B. gallaei

Fig. Nemalion multifidum

Lemaneaceae レマネア
Naccariaceae
Naccaria
Bonnemaisoniaceae (カギノリ)
Asparagopsis (Falkenbergia), Bonnemaisonia (Hymenoclonium, Trailliella), Delisea, Ptilonia
(b) Multiaxial form
Thoreaceae
(Nemalionopsis), Thorea
Helminthcladiaceae ベニモズク
Cumaqloia, Dermonema, Helminthocladia, Helminthora, Liagora, Liagoropsis, Nemalion, Nemalinopsis, Trichogloea
Chaetangiaceae ガラガラ
Actinotrichia, Chaetangium, Galaxaura, Gloiophloea, Scinaia

Life cycle of Florideophyceae (真正紅藻類生活環)

Many species have three morphological phases
Type I__________________Type II
life cycle

Type I: ancestral type. Type II: Polysiphonia flexicaulis type (イトクサ型), cycling three generations. C carposporophyte (果胞子体). G gametophyte (配偶体). R place or potential place of meiosis. T tetrasporophyte (四分胞子体). Solid rectangles indicate diploid phase of nucleus (複相), open rectangles haploid phase (単相).
Type III a____________b________________c
life cycle

Type III: heteromorphic type, classified into three subtypes a to c. a, Asparagopsis aroma subtype. b, Acrosymphyton purpuriferum subtype. c, Gloiosiphonia capillaris subtype.

Type IV a__________b
life cycle

Directly-developed type. a, Lemanea mamillosa subtype (レマネア型). b, Ptilonia okadai subtype.
Type V_____Type VI
life cycle

Type V: Liagora tetrasporifera type. Type VI: Rhodochorton purpureum type. CT carpotetrasporophyte or tetrasporoblast.
Type VII_Type VIII__Type IX

Type VII: Hildenbrandia prototypus type (ベニマダラ型). Type VIII: Gigartina papillata type (イボノリ型). Type IX: Acrochaetium bonnemaisonii type. AT apomeiotically divided tetrasporangium.

Fig. Diagram showing evolutionary relationship among types of life history in the Florideophyceae (Umezaki 1977).
Order Gelidiales テングサ
carpogonium (造果器): forming from the cells at the bottom of paraphysis, and with no stalks wihtout the specific gonimoblast (造果枝)

paraphysis (側糸, pl. –ses): a sterile structure among sporangia or gametangia

Gelidium amansii マクサ

a phycocolloid characteristc of the Rhodophyceae; its a sulfated polysaccharide (a galactan) occurring in the cell walls and intercellular spaces, extracted primarily from Gelidium and Gracilaria and used commercially for its gelling properties

Order Cryptonemlaes カクレイト
(generative) auxiliary cell (助細胞): a cell from which the carposporophyte is produced following transfer to it of the zygote nucleus or one of its diploid progeny (in Florideophycidae of the Rhodophycophyta)
Corallinaceae サンゴモ
perithallium (or perithallus): that protion of the vegetative thallus (in Corallinaceae) in which the cells or filaments are developed inwardly from the intercalary meristem
Order Gigartinales スギノリ
Gracilariaceae オゴノリ

Fig. Gracilaria verrucosa
Gigartinaceae スギノリ

Fig. Gloiopeltis furcata

Condrus yendoi Yamada et Mikami

Female gametophyte – carpogonium, cystocarp
Tetrasprophyte – tetrasporangium

Gloiopeltis furcata フクロフノリ: dioecious plant

Female gametophyte – carpogonium, cystocarp
Tetrasporophyte – tetrasporangia

Order Rhodymeniales ダルス

Fig. Development of reproductive organs and carposporophyte in Rhodymenia pertusa. VS: Dumontia simplex Cotton (ヘラリュウモン), a part of the vertical section of tetrasporophyte
Order Ceramlales イギス
Rhodomelaceae フジマツモ

Fig. Polysiphonia flexicaulis

ala (翼, pl. alae): wing, such as the membranous expanses from the central midrib in foliose members of the Delesseriaceae

Order Cryptonemiales カクレイト
Dumontia simplex Cottonヘラリュウモン: イトグサ型

Division Chrysophyta (黄藻植物門), golden algae

= Chrysophyceae + Bacillariophyceae + Xanthophyceae

Class Chrysophyceae (黄鞭藻鋼, ヒカリモ鋼)

body simple, sexual reproduction unknown → the first key of taxonomy is vegetative body

Chromulina rosanofii

Order Chrysomonadales (黄色マワリモ)

Suborder Chromuliniales (ヒカリモ)

Chromulinaceae: Chromulina
Mallomonadaceae: Mallomonas

golden algae
Mallomonas fastigata

Suborder Isochrysidinales

Synuraceae: Synura
Coccolithophoridaceae: Syrachosphaeara
Ochrosphaeraceae: Ochrosphaeara

golden algae
Synura uvella__Syracosphaera mediterranea

Suborder Ochromonadinales

Ochromonadaceae: Ochromonas, Uloglena
Lepochromonadaceae: Dinobryon
Monadaceae: Monas

golden algae
Uloglena volvox_Dinobryon balticum
Ochromonas mutabilis_Dinobryon cylindrica

Order Silicoflagellales (Silicoflagellata)

silicicolous skeleton around cell body (taxonomy confusing)

Suborder Siphonotestinales

Dicytochaceae: Dictyocha, Distephanum

golden algae
Dictyocha fibula
(Silicoflagellatae)

Suborder Sterotestinales

Ebricaceae: Ebrica

Order Rhizochrysidales (リゾクシス)

Rhizochrysidaceae: Rhizochrysis
Cyrtophoraceae: Chrytophora
Chrysocrinidiaceae (Lagyniaceae): Heterolagynion

golden algae
Rhizochrysis
scherfferli

golden algae
1. Distephanum speculum, 2. Cyrtophora pedicellata (Rhizochrysidales)

Order Chrysocapsales

Chrysocapsaceae: Chrysocapsa, Phaeocystis (move to Haplophyceae in an opinion)
Hydruraceae: Hydrurus

golden algae
Hydrurus foetidus (Cf. Haplophyceae)

Fig. Haplophyceae. Phaeocystis is P. pouchetii

golden algae
Epichrysis paludosa

Order Chrysosphaerales (クリソスフェレラ)

having the cell content not transformed directly into a zoospore or other motile form
Chrysosphaeraceae: Epichrysis

Order Chrysotrichales (黄色糸状藻)

branching filamentous form
Nematochrysidaceae: Nematochrysis
Phaeothamnionaceae: Phaeothmnion
Thallochrysidaceae Conrad (d): Phaeodermatium

golden algae
Fig. Chrysotrichales. A; Nematochrysis sessilis, B; Phaeothamnion borzianum, C; Phaeodermatium rivulare

Class Xanthophyceae (Heterokontae) 黄緑藻鋼(不等毛鋼)

body simple, sexual reproduction reported from a few species
→ widely applied to classify the vegetative bodies

golden algae
Fig. Zoospore of Xanthophyceae (s.s.). H, FS, E, NE,.CER, M, LV, L, F1B, F2B, C

Zoospore of Eustigmatophyceae

Order Heterochloridales

Heterochloridaceae: Heterochloris, Rhizochloris (separated to Order Rhizochloridales in an opinion)

golden algae
Gloeochloris smithiana
(Heterocapsales)

golden algae
H. mutabilis_________R. mirabilis

Order Heterocapsales

Heterocapsaceae: Botryococcus, Gloeochloris (G. smithiana)
Mischococcaceae: Mischococcus

Order Heterococcales

Characiopsis longipes
(Heterococcales)

golden algae
Halosphaera viridis___Ophinochytium
__________________capitatum
(Heterococcales)____(Heterococcales)

golden algae
Tribonema bombycinum
(Heterotrichales)

Order Heterotrichales

Order Heterosiphonales

Botrydiaceae: Botrydium
Vaucheriaceae: Vaucheria (V. sessilis フシナシミドロ): Vaucheria De Candolle (V. litorea C. Agardh)

Fig. Botrydium granulatum (フウセンモ)

Fig. Vaucheria

Class Bacillariophyceae (珪藻鋼), diatom(s)

= member of the class Bacillariophyceae
Elevation (高さ): algae: raised region of a valve wall of a diatom frustule, not projecting laterally beyond the valve margin and with much the same structure as the valve

Intercalary band (中間帯): an element of frustule in the girdle region, located proximal to the valves

Generation

(1)________________
(1)_____________ (2)_______
(1)_____ (2)______(2)____(3)___
(1) (2)___(2) (3)___(2) (3)__(3) (4)
Fig. Diagram showing the progressive diminution in size of certain frustules through successive cell generations of a diatom.

Auxospore (増大胞子): the zygote of diatoms orginally so-called because of its rapid increase in size

Subclass Centricae (中心亜鋼)

Fig. 2. Centricae: A Melosira granulata. B Thalassiosira decipiens. CD Coscinodiscus excentricus und Kammerbau der Schale nach elektronenmikroskopischer Aufnahme. E Arachnoidiscus ehrenbergii. F Auliscus caelatus. G Rhizosolenia eriensis. H Chaetoceras holsaticus. I Ch. Compressus mit Dauersporen. K Triceratium favus. L Isthmia enervis. M Terpsinoe musica. Redrwan from Hustedt und A. Schmidt; D Original.

Order Discales

Coscinodiscaceae: Coscinodiscus, Cyclotella, Melosira, Skeletonema (akashio), Thallassiosira
Actinodiscaceae: Arachnoidiscus, Planktoniella

Order Soleniales

Soleniaceae: Rhizosolenia

Order Biddulphiales

Chaetoceraceae: Chaetoceros
Biddulphiaceae: Triceratium, Biddulphia, Isthmia

diatom
Biddulphia moailiensis
diatom
Isthmia enervis

Subclass Pennatae (羽状亜鋼)

Fig. 1. Pennatae: A Tabellaria fenestrata. B Meridion circulare. E Eunotia robusta. F Achnanthes flexella. G Diploneis splendida. H Pinnularia alpina. L Epithemia hyndmanni. N Surirella robusta. (Nach Hustedt)

Hantzschia amphioxys

Order Araphidales (偽背線)

Fragilariaceae: Fragilaria, Dicmophora, Synedra, Asterionella (A. glacialis - akashio), Rhabdonema, Gramatophora

diatom
Asterionella formosa

Fig. Synedra capitata

Order Raphidioidales (原始背線)

Eunotiaceae: Eunotia, Peronia

Order Monoraphidales (単背線)

Achnathaceae: Cocconeis, Achnanthes, Rhoicosphaenia

Order Biraphidales (両背線)

Naviculariaceae: Diploneis, Pinnularia, Navicula, Pleurosigma, Mastogloia, Stauroneis
Cymbellaceae: Cymbella, Amphora, Gomphonema

Gomphonema acuminatum

Epithemiaceae: Epithemia, Rhopalodia
Nitzschiaceae: Bacillaria, Nitzschia
Surirellaceae: Surirella

Division Haptophyta (ハプト植物門)

characterized by haptonema (ハプトネマ) that is a short to long cellular extension with a distinctive fine structure, characteristic of the class Prymnesiophyceae

= substantial reasons of the separation from Chrysophyta

Division Pyrrophyta (橙藻植物門)

Class Cryptophyceae (褐色鞭毛藻鋼)

Fig. Cryptophyceae

Order Cryptocapsales

Order Cryptococcales

Class Dinophyceae (渦鞭藻鋼)

Class Chloromonadophyceae (緑鞭藻鋼)

Order Chloromonadales

zooxanthella (褐虫藻): a symbiotic golden-pigmented algal cell living in the tissue of an animal host; usually a Pyrrhophycophytan alga but can also belong to other algal classes

Division Cyanophyta (藍藻植物門), blue-green algae

Taxonomical system has been revised greatly
Cell content: Cyanophyta granules, Pseudovacuole, Metachromatin granule (voltin), chromatin and nucleoid

Reproduction

Binary division (体分裂) = Schzophyceae (二分裂藻), and fragmentation
Spore (胞子)
Endospore (内生胞子): spores of blue-green algae formed by internal divisions of the protoplast of a parental cell
Exospore (外生胞子)

Fig. Body plan 1. Synechocystis, 2. Synechococcus, 3. Dactylococcopsis, 4,5. Gloeothece, 6. Tetrapedia, 7. Merismopedia, 8. Eucapsis, 9. Chroococcus, 10. Gloecapsa, 11. Microchystis, 12. Aphanocapsa, 13. Coelosphaerium, 14. Gomphosphaeria, 15. Aphanothece, 16. Chamaesiphon, 17. Dermocarpa, 18. Pleurocapsa (Oncobyrsa), 19. Oscillatoria, 20. Phormidium, 21. Lyngbya, 22. Microcoleus, 23. Anabaena, 24. Nostoc, 25. Aulosira, 26. Calothrix, 27. Rivularia, 28. Scytonema, 29. Hapalosiphon, 30. Stigonema.

Scytonema coactile Montagne var.
thermalis Geitler. h = hormogonium

Order Chroococcales (クロオコックス)

monocellular (only vegetative cell)
many cells secreting polysaccharide mucilage
colony forming regular or irregular
Chroococcaceae
Chroococcus, Synecocystis, Synecococcus, Tetrapedia, Aphanocapsa, Aphanothece, Coelosphaerium, Fucapsis, Gloeocapsa, Gloeothece, Merismopedia, Microcystis (M. aerginosa アオコ), Phylloderma (P. sacrum スイゼンジノリ)

Entophysalidaceae
Entophyealis

Order Chamaesiphonales

A: Chamaesiphon, B: Dermocarpa

Order Chamaesiphonales

Benthic, monocellular
Dermocarpaceae
Dermocarpa
Chamaesiphonaceae
Chamaesiphon

Pleurocapsales
Onchobyrsa

Order Pleurocapsales

pseudoparenchyma (偽柔組織)
Pleurocapsaceae
Pleurocapsa Thuret et Hauck

Hyellaceae (Scopulonemataceae)
Hydrococcus Kützing (Onchobyrsa), Xenococcus, Hyella Bornet

Order Nostocales (ネンジュモ)

Siphonenemataceae
Siphonenema
Pascherinemataceae (Endonemataceae)
Pascherinema (Endoneama)

Order Hormogonales

filament, homogonium
1) Suborder Nostocinales
no-branching
Oscillatorineae (Oscillatoriaceae, ユレモ)
heterocyst absent
Lyngbya, Oscillatoria, Microcoleus, Phormidium, Spirulina, Trichodesmium (T. erythraeum, red tide)

Nostocaceae (ネンジュモ)
heterocyst present
Anabaena (アナベナ), Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermum, Nostoc (ネンジュモ)

A. Anabaena, B. Nostoc, C. Calothrix, D. Rivularia
Rivulariaceae (ヒゲモ)
Calothrix Agardh (イトヒゲモ), Gloiothrichia Agardh (タマヒゲモ), Rivularia Roth (ヒゲモ)
Scytonemataceae
Plectonema, Scytonema, Tolypothrix
2) Suborder Stigonematinales (Order Stigonematales)
branching
intercellular plasmodesma (protoplasmic connection)
Loriellaceae
Loriella
Capsosiraceae
Capsosira Kützing
Stigonemataceae (スチゴネマ)
Hapalosiphon Nageli, Matteia, Stigonema, Westiella
Siphonenemataceae
Siphonenema Pascherine
Nostochopsidaceae
Mastigocoleus, Nostochopsis
Mastigocladaceae (Brachytrichiaceae)
Mastigocladus, Srachytrichis
Nostocaceae

A. Hapalosiphon, B. Stigonema, C. Brachitrichia

(complied by M. Kurogi)

Muroran (室蘭)

A list of marine algae on the coast of Muroran district

Chlorophyceae

Tetrasporales

Collinsiella tuberculate Setchell et Gardner (ランソウモドキ)

Ulotrichales

Ulothrix flacca (Dillwyn) Thuret (ヒビミドロ)

Ulvales

Enteromorpha intestinalis (Linnaeus) Link (ボウアオノリ)
Enteromorpha linza (Linnaeus) J. Agardh (ウスバアオノリ)
Blidingia minima (Nägeli ex Kützing) Kylin var. minima (ヒメアオノリ)
Ulva pertusa Kjellman (アナアオサ)
Kornmannia zostericola (Tilden) Bliding (モツキヒトエ)
Monostroma angicava Kjellman (エゾヒトエグサ)
Monostroma undulatum Wittrock var. farlowii Foslie (シワヒトエグサ)
Ulvaria obscura (Kützing) Gayral var. blyttii (Areschoug) Bliding (オオヒトエグサ)

Cladophorales

Cladophora stimpsonii Harvey (キヌヒトエグサ)
Cladophora densa Harvey (アサミドリヒトエグサ)
Cladophora speciosa Sakai (ミヤビシオグサ)
Cladophora arenaria Sakai (スナシオグサ)
Chaetomorpha moniligera Kjellman (タマジュズモ)

Acrosiphonales

Spongomorpha heterocladia Sakai (イブリモツレグサ)
Spongomorpha spiralis Sakai (ウズモツレグサ)
Rhizoclonium tortuosum Kützing (ナガモツレ)
Urospora mirabilis Areschoug (シリオミドロ)

Codiales

Bryopsis plumosa (Hudson) C. Agardh (ハネモ)
Codium fragile (Suringer) Hariot (ミル)

Phaeophyceae

Ectocarpales

Pylayella littoralis (Linnaeus) Kjellman (ピラエラ)
Ectocarpus confervoides (Roth) Le Jollis f. typicus Kuckuck

Ralfsiales

Analipus japonicus (Setchell et Gardner) Wynne (マツモ)

Sphacelariales

Sphacelaria subsusca Setchell et Gardner (ミツマタクロガシラ)

Dictyotales

Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) Lamouroux (アミジグサ)
Dictyopteris divaricate (Okamura) Okamura (エゾヤハズ)

Chordariales

Myrionema corunnae Sauvageau
Hecatonema terminale (Kützing) Kylin
Halothrix ambigua Yamada (ソメワケグサ)
Leathesia difformis (Linnaeus) Areschoug (ネバリモ)
Leathesia sphaerocephala Yamada (ヒメネバリモ)
Leathesia difformoides Takamatsu
Leathesia monilicellulata Takamatsu (ナンキンネバリモ)
Eudesme virescens (Carmichael) J. Agardh (ニセフトモズク)
Sphaerotrichia divaricate (Agardh) Kylin (イシモズク)
Acrothrix pacifica Okamura et Yamada (ニセモヅク)
Chordaria flagelliformis (Müller) Agardh (ナガマツモ)

Desmarestiales

Desmarestia viridis (Müller) Lamouroux (ケウルシグサ)
Desmarestia ligulata (Lightfoot) Lamouroux (ウルシグサ)

Punctariales

Litosiphon yezoense Yamada et Nakamura (コブノヒゲ)
Punctaria plantaginea (Roth) (ハバダマシ)
Melanosihpon intestinalis (Saunders) Wynne (キタイワヒゲ)
Coilodesme japonica Yamada (エゾブクロ)

Scytosiphonales

Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngbye) J. Agardh (カヤモノリ)
Colpomenia sinuosa (Roth) Derbes et Solier (フクロノリ)
Colpomenia bullosa (Saunders) Yamada (ワタモ)
Petalonia fascia (Müller) Kuntze (セイヨウハバノリ)

Laminariales

Chorda filum (Linnaeus) Lamouroux (ツルモ)
Laminaria japonica Areschoug (マコンブ)
Laminaria angustata Kjellman (ミツイシコンブ)
Laminaria yendoana Miyabe (エンドウコンブ)
Kjellmaniella crassifolia Miyabe (ガゴメ)
Agarum cribrosum Bory (アナメ)
Costaria costata (Turner) Saunders (スジメ)
Alaria crassifolia Kjellman (チガイソ)
Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar (ワカメ)

Fucales

Fucus evanescens C. Agardh (ヒバマタ)
Pelvetia wrightii Yendo (エゾイシゲ)
Cystoseira hakodatensis (Yendo) Fensholt (ウガノモク)
Sargassum thunbergii (Mert.) O. Kuntze (ウミトラノオ)
Sargassum confusum C. Agardh (フシスジモク)
Coccophora langsdorfii (Turner) Greville (スギモク)

Rhodophyceae

Goniotrichales

Goniotrichales alsidii (Zanardini) Howe (ベニミドロ)

Bangiales

Bangia fusco-purpurea (Dillwyn) Lyngbye (ウシケノリ)

Erythrotrichia carnea (Dillwyn) J. Agardh (ホシノイト)
Porphyra tenera Kjellman (アサクサノリ)
Porphyra yezoensis Ueda (スサビノリ)
Porphyra pseudolinearis Ueda (ウルップイノリ)
Porphyra onoi Ueda (オオノノリ)
Porphyra variegate (Kjellman) Hus (フイリタサ)

Nemalionales

Rhodochorton hyalosiphoniae Nakamura
Rhodochorton rhizoideum Drew
Rhodochorton rothii (Thuret) Nägeli
Rhodochorton sessile Nakamura
Rhodochorton subimmersum Setchell et Gardner
Nemalion vermiculare Suringar (ウミゾウメン)
Helminthocladia australis Harvey (ベニモズク)

Gelidiales

Gelidium vagum Okamura (ヨレクサ)
Gelidium subfastigiatum Okamura (ナンブグサ)
Pterocladia tenuis Okamura (オバグサ)

Cryptonemiales

Hyalosiphonia caespitosa Okamura (イソウメモドキ)
Dumontia simplex Cotton (ヘラリウモン)
Neodilsea yendoana Tokida (アカバ)
Neodilsea integra (Kjellman) A. Zinova var. longissimi Masuda (ナガアカバ)
Neodilsea tennipes Yamada et Mikami (マルバアカバ)
Pseudorhododiscus nipponicus Masuda (ベニゴロモ)
Polyporolithon reclinatum (Foslie) L. R. Mason (カサキノコイシモ)
Pachyarthron cretaceum (Postels et Ruprecht) Manza (イソキリ)
Corallina pilulifera Postels et Ruprecht (ピリヒバ)
Grateloupia divaricate Okamura (カタノリ)
Grateloupia turuturu Yamada (ツルツル)
Grateloupia filicina (Wulf.) J. Agardh (ムカゲノリ)
Carpopeltis affinis (Harvey) Okamura (マツノリ)
Gloiopeltis furcata Postels et Ruprecht (フクロノリ)
Gloiosiphonia capillaris (Hudson) Carmichael (イトフノリ)
Tichocarpus crinitus (Gmelin) Ruprecht (カレキグサ)
Callophyllis rhynchocarpa Ruprecht (ヒメトサカモドキ)

Gigartinales

Caulacanthus okamurai Yamada (イソダンツウ)
Schizymenia dubyi (Chauv.) J. Agardh (ベニスナゴ)
Gracilaria verrucose (Hudson) Papenfuss (オゴノリ)
Gymnogongrus flabelliformis Harvey (オキツノリ)
Ahnfeltia plicata (Hudson) E. Fries var. tobuchiensis Kanno et Matsubara (イタニグサ)
Gigartina pacifica Kjellman (イボノリ)
Gigartina ochotensis Ruprecht (ホソイボノリ)
Chondrus pinnulatus (Harvey) Okamura (ヒラコトジ)
Chondrus yendoi Yamada et Mikami (エゾツノマタ/クロバギンナンソウ)
Rhodoglossum japonicum Mikami (アカバギンナンソウ)

Rhodomeniales

Chrysmenia wrightii (Harvey) Yamada (タオヤギソウ)
Rhodymenia pertusa (Postels et Ruprecht) J. Agardh (アナダルス)
Palmaria palmata (L.) O. Kuntze (ダルス)
Halosaccion yendoi I. K. Lee (ベニフクロノリ)
Lomentaria hakodatensis Yendo (コスジフシツナギ)
Champia parvula (Agardh) J. Agardh (ワツナギソウ)

Ceramiales

Antithamnion sparsum Tokida (キヌイトヨツガサネ)
Tokidaea corticate (Tokida) Yoshida (ベニハネモ)
Ptilota pectinate (Gunnerus) Kjellman (クシベニヒバ)
Ceramium kondoi Yendo (イギス)
Ceramium cimbricum H. Petersen (マツバライギス)
Ceramium fastigiatum Harvey
Ceramium japonicum Okamura (ハネイギス)
Campylaephora crassa (Okamura) Nakamura (フトイギス)
Campylaephora hypnaeoides J. Agardh (エゴノリ)
Congregatocarpus pacificus (Yamada) Mikami (Laingia pacifica Yamada) (コノハノリ)
Delesseria serrulate Harvey (ヌメハノリ)
Nithophyllum yezoensis (Yamada et Tokida) Mikami (Myriogramme yezoensis Yamada et Tokida) (アツバスジギヌ)
Acrosorium yendoi Yamada (ハイウスバノリ)
Dasya sessilis Yamada (エナシダジア)
Enelittosiphonica hakodatensis (Yendo) Segi (マキイトグサ)
Polysiphonica japonica Harvey (キブリイトグサ)
Polysiphonica yendoi Segi (エンドウイトグサ)
Polysiphonica morrowii Harvey (モロイトグサ)
Polysiphonica forcipate Harvey (クロイトグサ)
Polysiphonica senticulosa Harvey (ムツイトグサ)
Polysiphonica urceolata (Lightfoot) Greville (ショウジョウケノリ)
Chondria dasyphylla (Woodward) C. Agardh (ヤナギノリ)
Laurencia nipponica Yamada (ウラソゾ)
[Laurencia glandulifera Kützing (オオソゾ)]
Janczewskia morimotoi Tokida (ソゾマクラ)
Symphyocladia latiuscula (Harvey) Yamada (イソムラサキ)
Symphyocladia macchantioides (Harvey) Falkenberg (コザネモ)
Rhodomela larix (Turner) C. Agardh (フジマツモ)
[Rhodomela gracilis Yamada et Nakamura (ホソバフジマツモ)]
Odonthalia corymbifera (Gmelin) J. Agardh (ハケサキノコギリヒバ)
Odonthalia macrocarpa Masuda (オオノコギリヒバ)
Neorhodomela munita (Perestenko) Masuda (イトフジマツ)