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Mount Usu / Sarobetsu post-mined peatland
From left: Crater basin in 1986 and 2006. Cottongrass / Daylily
HOME > Biology > Plant taxonomy > Engler's syllabus
Taxonomical systems of angiospermsThree major syllabusesNew Engler's syllabus: complexityMost herbaria apply this syllabus for seed plants Cronquist's syllabus: strobiroidAPG system: molecular phylogeny Prior to Englerde Jussieu, Antoine Laurent 1748-1836, France
1789 de Jussieu system: Genera plantarum: secundum ordines naturales disposita fungi, algae, hepaticae, musci, filices, najades II. Monocotyledones (単子葉植物類)
1. Hypogynisch III. Dicotyledones (無子葉植物類)
1. Apetalae
1813 de Candolle system: Théorie élémentaires de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classication naturelle 1. Espgenae
a. Diplochlamydeae 2. Endogene
a. Phanerogamae II. Cellulares (細胞植物)
1. Foliaceae
1838 Endlicher system: Grundzüge einer neuen Theorie der Pflanzenerzeugung
1. Acrobrya
1828-1837 Histoire des Végétaux Fossiles
a) Amphigenae B. Phanaerogamae (顕花植物) a) Monocotyledonae
1. Albuminosae |
b) Dictyledoneae 1. Angiospermae
a') Gamopetalae 2. Gymnospermae Eichler, August Wilhelm 1839-1887, Germany
1883 Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik (3rd edn). Berlin I. Thallophyta 1. Algae
a. Cyanophyceae
1. Conjugatae 2. Fungi
a. Schizomycetes
1. Phycomycetes c. Lichenes II. Bryophyta
1. Hepaticae III. Pteridophyta
1. Equisetinae B. Phanerogamae
I. Gymnospermae
1. Monocotyleae
a. Choripetalae
Lehrbuch der Botanik 1. Thallophyta
Klasse Bacteria 2. Bryophyta
Klasse Hepaticae |
[plant taxonomy, herbarium checklist] 3. Pteridophyta
Klasse Filicinae B. Phanerogamen
Klasse Gymnospermae
A. Elcotylae 1962 Earder R et al.
Strasburgers Lehrbuch der Botanik 1. Chlorophytina
(1) Chlcrophyceae 2. Chrysophytina
(1) Heterokontae
3. Pyrrophytina (1) Phaeophyceae 6. Rhodophytina (1) Rhodophyceae IV. Mycophyta
1. Myxomycophytina (1) Phycomycetes
a. Uniflagellatae (2) Eumycetes
a. Ascomycetes
Lichenes
(1) Hepaticae VI. Pteridophyta
(1) Psilophytinae VII. Spermatophyta 1. Gymnospermae
(1) Pteridospermae 2. Angiospermae (1) Dicotyledoneae
a. Dialypatalae (2) Monocotyledoneae |
[ Engler HGA | Journal Englera ]
I. Schizophyta (Schizomycetes, Schizophyceae) II. Phytosarcodina (Acrasiales, Plamociophorales, Myxogasters) III. Flagellatae IV. Dinoflagellatae ? Silicoflagellatae V. Bacillariophyta VI. Conjugatae VII. Chlorophyceae (Protococcales, Ulotrichales, Sihponocladales, Siphonales) |
VIII. Charophyta IX. Phaeophyceae X. Rhodophyceae (Bangiales, Florideae) XI. Eumycetes (Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Protomycetes, Basidiomycetes (+ Fungi imperfecti, Lichens)) XII. Embryophyta asiphnogama
1. Bryophyta (Filicales, Musci) |
2. Pteridophyta (Hepaticae, Articulatae, Lycopodiales, Ptilotales, Ispetales) XIII. Embryophyta siphonogama
1. Gymnospermae (Cycadofilicales, Cycadales, Bennettitales, Ginkgoales, Coniferae, Cordaitales, Gnetales) |
I. Schizophyta (Schizomycetes, Schizophyceae) II. Phytosarcodina (Acrasiales, Plamociophorales, Myxogasters) III. Flagellatae IV. Dinoflagellatae ? Silicoflagellatae V. Heterocontae VI. Bacillariopjyta (Centricae, Pennales) VII. Conjugatae VIII. Chlorophyceae
1. Protococcales |
IX. Charophyta X. Phaeophyta XI. Rhodophyta
1. Bangiales
1. Phycomycetes
1. Unterabt Bryophyta (1. Hepaticae, 2. Musci) |
2. Unterabt Pteridophyta (1. Psilophytinae, Articulatae, 3. Lycopodiinae, 4. Psilotinae, 5. Isoetinae, 6. Filicinae) XIV. Embryophyta Siphonogama
1. Unterabt Gymnospermae (1. Cycadofilicales, 2. Cycadales, 3. Bennettitales, 4. Ginkgoales, 5. Cordaitales, 6. Coniferae & Gnetales) |
I. Bacteriophyta (Schizomycetes) II. Cyanophyta (Cyanophyceae) III. Glaucophyta (Glaucophyceae) IV. Myxophyta
1. Acrasicae VI. Pyrrophyta
1. Cryptophyceae
1. Heterokontae |
IX. Charophyta X. Phaeophyta
1. Isogeneratae
1. Bangiophyceae
1. Archimycetes
1. Phycolichenes |
1. Hepaticae
1. Psilophytopsida
1. Cycadopsida
1. Licotyledoneae [Archichlamyceae, Sympetalae] |
(Cronquist, A.J. 1919-1992)
Cronquist, A.J. 1919-1992 1980s': Illustration from the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation Qronquit system is similar to Takhtajan system Based on strobiloid theory Class Magnoliopsida (モクレン), dicotSubclass Magnoliidae (モクレン)Order Magnoliales (モクレン)Winteraceae*Degeneriaceae* Himantandraceae* Eupomatiaceae* Austrobaileyaceae* Magnoliaceae (モクレン) Lactoridaceae* Annonaceae (バンレイシ) Myristicaceae* (ニクズク) Canellaceae* Order Laurales (クスノキ)Amborellaceae*Trimeniaceae* Monimiaceae* Gomortegaceae* Calycanthaceae* (ロウバイ) Idiospermaceae* Lauraceae (クスノキ) Hernandiaceae (ハスノハギリ) Order Piperales (コショウ)Chloranthaceae (センリョウ)Saururaceae (ドクタミ) Piperaceae (コショウ) Order Aristolochiales (ウマノスズクサ)Aristolochiaceae (ウマノスズクサ)Order Illiciales (シキミ)Illiciaceae (シキミ)Schisandraceae (マツブサ) Order Nymphaeales (スイレン)Nelumbonaceae (ハス)Nymphaeaceae (スイレン) Barclayaceae* Cabombaceae (ハゴロモモ) Ceratophyllaceae (マツモ) Subclass Ranunculidae (キンポウゲ)Order Ranunculales (キンポウゲ)Ranunculaceae (キンポウゲ)Circaeasteraceae* Berberidaceae (メギ) Sargentodoxaceae* Lardizabalaceae (アケビ) Menispermaceae (ツヅラフジ) Coriariaceae (ドクウツギ) Sabiaceae (アオカズラ) Order Papaverales (ケシ)Papaveraceae (ケシ)Fumariaceae (エンゴサク) Subclass Hamamelidae (マンサク)Order ヤマグルマ目TrochodendralesTetracentraceae* (スイセイジュ)Trochodendraceae (ヤマグルマ) Order Hamamelidales (マンサク)Cercidiphyllaceae (カツラ)Eupteleaceae (フサザクラ) Platanaceae* (スズカケノキ) Hamamelidaceae (マンサク) Myrothamnaceae* Order Daphniphyllales (ユズリハ)Daphniphyllaceae (ユズリハ)Order Didymelales*Didymelaceae*Order Eucommiales* (トチュウ)Eucommiaceae* (トチュウ)Order Urticales (イラクサ)Barbeyaceae*Ulmaceae (ニレ) Cannabaceae (アサ) Moraceae (クワ) Cecropiaceae* Urticaceae (イラクサ) Order Leitneriales*Leitneriaceae*Order Juglandales (クルミ)Rhoipteleaceae*Juglandaceae (クルミ) Order Myricales (ヤマモモ)Myricaceae (ヤマモモ)Order Fagales (ブナ)Balanopaceae*Fagaceae (ブナ) Betulaceae (カバノキ) Order Casuarinales* (モクマオウ)Casuarinaceae* (モクマオウ)Subclass Caryophyllidae (ナデシコ)Order Caryophyllales (ナデシコ)Phytolaccaceae (ヤマゴボウ)Achatocarpaceae* Nyctaginaceae (オシロイバナ) Aizoaceae (ツルナ) Didiereaceae* (カナボウノキ) Cactaceae* (サボテン) Chenopodiaceae (アカザ) Amaranthaceae (ヒユ) Portulacaceae (スベリヒユ) Basellaceae* (ツルムラサキ) Molluginaceae (ザクロソウ) Caryophyllaceae (ナデシコ) Order Polygonales (タデ)Polygonaceae (タデ)Order Plumbaginales (イソマツ)Plumbaginaceae (イソマツ)Subclass DilleniidaeOrder DillenialesDilleniaceae*Paeoniaceae (ボタン) Order Theales (ツバキ)Ochnaceae* (オクナ)Sphaerosepalaceae* Sarcolaenaceae* Dipterocarpaceae* (フタバガキ) Caryocaraceae* (バターナット) Theaceae (ツバキ) Actinidiaceae (マタタビ) Scytopetalaceae* Pentaphylacaceae* Tetrameristaceae* Pellicieraceae* Oncothecaceae* Marcgraviaceae* Quiinaceae* Elatinaceae (ミゾハコベ) Paracryphiaceae* Medusagynaceae* Clusiaceae (オトギリソウ) Order Malvales (アオイ)Elaeocarpaceae (ホルトノキ)Tiliaceae (シナノキ) Sterculiaceae (アオギリ) Bombacaceae* (キワタ) Malvaceae (アオイ) Order Lecythidales (サガリバナ)Lecythidaceae (サガリバナ)Order Nepenthales (ウツボカズラ)Sarraceniaceae* (サラセニア)Nepenthaceae* (ウツボカズラ) Droseraceae (モウセンゴケ) Order Violales (スミレ)Flacourtiaceae (イイギリ)Peridiscaceae* Bixaceae* (ベニノキ) Cistaceae* (ハンニチバナ) Huaceae* Lacistemataceae* Sciphostegiaceae* (カミニンギョウ) Stachyuraceae (キブシ) Violaceae (スミレ) Tamaricaceae* (ギョリュウ) Frankeniaceae* Dioncophyllaceae* Ancistrocladaceae* (ツクバネカズラ) Turneraceae* Malesherbiaceae* Passifloraceae* (トケイソウ) Achariaceae* Caricaceae* (パパイア) |
Fouquieriaceae* Hoplestigmataceae* Cucurbitaceae (ウリ) Datiscaceae* Begoniaceae (シュウカイドウ) Loasaceae* Order Salicales (ヤナギ)Salicaceae (ヤナギ)Order Capparales (フウチョウソウ)Tovariaceae*Capparaceae (フウチョウソウ) Brassicaceae (アブラナ) Moringaceae* (ワサビノキ) Resedaceae* (モクセイソウ) Order Batales* (バチス)Gyrostemonaceae*Bataceae* (バチス) Order Ericales (ツツジ)Cyrillaceae*Clethraceae (リョウブ) Grubbiaceae* Empetraceae (ガンコウラン) Epacridaceae* Ericaceae (ツツジ) Pyrolaceae (イチヤクソウ) Monotropaceae (ギンリョウソウ) Order Diapensiales (イワウメ)Diapensiaceae (イワウメ)Order Ebenales (カキ)Sapotaceae (アカテツ)Ebenaceae (カキ) Styracaceae (エゴノキ) Lissocarpaceae* Symplocaceae (ハイノキ) Order Primulales (サクラソウ)Theophrastaceae*Myrsinaceae (ヤブコウジ) Primulaceae (サクラソウ) Subclass Rosidae (バラ)Order Rosales (バラ)Brunelliaceae*Connaraceae* (マメモドキ) Eucryphiaceae* Cunoniaceae* Davidsoniaceae* Dialypetalanthaceae* Pittosporaceae (トベラ) Byblidaceae* Hydrangeaceae (アジサイ) Columelliaceae* Grossulariaceae (スグリ) Greyiaceae* Bruniaceae* Anisophylleaceae* Alseuosmiaceae* Crassulaceae (ベンケイソウ) Cephalotaceae* (フクロユキノシタ) Saxifragaceae (ユキノシタ) Rosaceae (バラ) Neuradaceae* Crossosomataceae* Chrysobalanaceae* Surianaceae* Rhabdodendraceae* Order Fabales (マメ)Mimosaceae (ネムノキ)Caesalpiniaceae (ジャケツイバラ) Fabaceae (マメ) Order Proteales (ヤマモガシ)Elaeagnaceae (グミ)Proteaceae (ヤマモガシ) Order Podostemales (カワゴケソウ)Podostemaceae (カワゴケソウ)Order Haloragales (アリノトウグサ)Haloragaceae (アリノトウグサ)Gunneraceae* Order Myrtales (フトモモ)Sonneratiaceae (ハマザクロ)Lythraceae (ミソハギ) Penaeaceae* Crypteroniaceae* Thymelaeaceae (ジンチョウゲ) Trapaceae (ヒシ) Myrtaceae (フトモモ) Punicaceae* (ザクロ) Onagraceae (アカバナ) Oliniaceae* Melastomataceae (ノボタン) Combretaceae (シクンシ) Order Rhizophorales (ヒルギ)Rhizophoraceae (ヒルギ)Order Cornales (ミズキ)Alangiaceae (ウリノキ)Nyssaceae* (ヌマミズキ) Cornaceae (ミズキ) Garryaceae* Order Santalales (ビャクダン)Medusandraceae*Dipentodontaceae* Olacaceae (ボロボロノキ) Opiliaceae* (カナビキボク) Santalaceae (ビャクダン) Misodendraceae* Loranthaceae (マツグミ) Viscaceae (ヤドリギ) Eremolepidaceae* Balanophoraceae (ツチトリモチ) Order Rafflesiales (ラフレシア)Hydnoraceae*Mitrastemonaceae (ヤッコソウ) Rafflesiaceae* (ラフレシア) Order Celastrales (ニシキギ)Geissolomataceae*Celastraceae (ニシキギ) Hippocrateaceae* Stackhousiaceae* Salvadoraceae* Aquifoliaceae (モチノキ) Icacinaceae (クロタキカズラ) Aextoxicaceae* Cardiopteridaceae* (ヤマイモモドキ) Corynocarpaceae* Dichapetalaceae* (カイナンボク) Order Euphorbiales (トウダイグサ)Buxaceae (ツゲ)Simmondsiaceae* Pandaceae* Euphorbiaceae (トウダイグサ) Order Rhamnales (クロウメモドキ)Rhamnaceae (クロウメモドキ)Leeaceae* (ウドノキ) Vitaceae (ブドウ) Order Linales (アマ)Erythroxylaceae* (コカノキ)Humiriaceae* Ixonanthaceae* Hugoniaceae* Linaceae (アマ) Order Polygalales (ヒメハギ)Malpighiaceae (キントラノオ)Vochysiaceae* Trigoniaceae* Tremandraceae* Polygalaceae (ヒメハギ) Xanthophyllaceae* Krameriaceae* Order Sapindales (ムクロジ)Staphyleaceae (ミツバウツギ)Melianthaceae* Bretschneideraceae* Akaniaceae* Sapindaceae (ムクロジ) Hippocastanaceae (トチノキ) Aceraceae (カエデ) Burseraceae* (カンラン) Anacardiaceae (ウルシ) Julianiaceae* Simaroubaceae (ニガキ) Cneoraceae* Meliaceae (センダン) Rutaceae (ミカン) Zygophyllaceae (ハマビシ) Order Geraniales (フウロソウ)Oxalidaceae (カタバミ)Geraniaceae (フウロソウ) |
Limnanthaceae* Tropaeolaceae* (ノウゼンハレン) Balsaminaceae (ツリフネソウ) Order Apiales (セリ)Araliaceae (ウコギ)Apiaceae (セリ) Subclass Asteridae (キク)Order Gentianales (リンドウ)Loganiaceae (マチン)Retziaceae* Gentianaceae (リンドウ) 科Saccifoliaceae* Apocynaceae (キョウチクトウ) Asclepiadaceae (ガガイモ) Order ナス目SolanalesDuckeodendraceae*Nolanaceae* Solanaceae (ナス) Convolvulaceae (ヒルガオ) Cuscutaceae (ネナシカズラ) Menyanthaceae (ミツガシワ) Polemoniaceae (ハナシノブ) Hydrophyllaceae* (ハゼリソウ) Order Lamiales (シソ)Lennoaceae*Boraginaceae (ムラサキ) Verbenaceae (クマツヅラ) Lamiaceae (シソ) Order Callitrichales (アワゴケ)Hippuridaceae (スギナモ)Callitrichaceae (アワゴケ) Hydrostachyaceae* Order Plantaginales (オオバコ)Plantaginaceae (オオバコ)Order Scrophulariales (ゴマノハグサ)Buddlejaceae (フジウツギ)Oleaceae (モクセイ) Scrophulariaceae (ゴマノハグサ) Globulariaceae (ウルップソウ) Myoporaceae (ハマジンチョウ) Orobanchaceae (ナンバンギセル) Gesneriaceae (イワタバコ) Acanthaceae (キツネノマゴ) Pedaliaceae (ゴマ) Bignoniaceae (ノウゼンカズラ) Mendonciaceae* Lentibulariaceae (タヌキモ) Order Campanulales (キキョウ)Pentaphragmataceae* (ユガミウチワ)Sphenocleaceae* (ナガボノウルシ) Campanulaceae (キキョウ) Stylidiaceae* Donatiaceae* Brunoniaceae* Goodeniaceae (クサトベラ) Order Rubiales (アカネ)Rubiaceae (アカネ)Theligonaceae (ヤマトグサ) Order Dipsacales (マツムシソウ)Caprifoliaceae (スイカズラ)Adoxaceae (レンプクソウ) Valerianaceae (オミナエシ) Dipsacaceae (マツムシソウ) Order Calycerales*Calyceraceae*Order Asterales (キク)Asteraceae (キク)Class Liliopsida (ユリ), monocotSubclass Alismatidae (オモダカ)Order Alismatales (オモダカ)Butomaceae* (ハナイ)Limnocharitaceae* Alismataceae (オモダカ) Order Hydrocharitales (トチカガミ)Hydrocharitaceae (トチカガミ)Order Najadales (イバラモ)Aponogetonaceae* (レースソウ)Scheuchzeriaceae (ホロムイソウ) Juncaginaceae (シバナ) Potamogetonaceae (ヒルムシロ) Ruppiaceae (カワツルモ) Najadaceae (イバラモ) Zannichelliaceae (イトクズモ) Posidoniaceae* Cymodoceaceae (シオニラ) Zosteraceae (アマモ) Order Triuridales (ホンゴウソウ)Petrosaviaceae (サクライソウ)Triuridaceae (ホンゴウソウ) Subclass Arecidae (ヤシ)Order Arecales (ヤシ)Arecaceae (ヤシ)Order Cyclanthales* (パナマソウ)Cyclanthaceae* (パナマソウ)Order Pandanales (タコノキ)Pandanaceae (タコノキ)Order サトイモ目AralesAraceae (サトイモ)Lemnaceae (ウキクサ) Subclass Commelinidae (ツユクサ)Order Commelinales (ツユクサ)Rapateaceae*Xyridaceae* (トウエンソウ) Mayacaceae* (マヤカ) Commelinaceae (ツユクサ) Order Eriocaulales (ホシクサ)Eriocaulaceae (ホシクサ)Order Restionales (サンアソウ)Flagellariaceae (トウツルモドキ)Joinvilleaceae* Restionaceae* (サンアソウ) Centrolepidaceae* (カツマダソウ) Juncales (イグサ)Juncaceae (イグサ)Thurniaceae* Order Cyperales (カヤツリグサ)Cyperaceae (カヤツリグサ)Poaceae (イネ) Order Hydatellales*Hydatellaceae*Order Typhales (ガマ)Sparganiaceae (ミクリ)Typhaceae (ガマ) Subclass Zingiberidae (ショウガ)Order Bromeliales* (パイナップル)Bromeliaceae* (パイナップル)Order Zingiberales (ショウガ)Strelitziaceae* (ゴクラクチョウカ)Heliconiaceae* (オウムバナ) Musaceae* (バショウ) Lowiaceae* Zingiberaceae (ショウガ) Costaceae* (オオホザキアヤメ) Cannaceae* (カンナ) Marantaceae* (クズウコン) Subclass Liliidae (ユリ)Order Liliales (ユリ)Philydraceae (タヌキアヤメ)Pontederiaceae (ミズアオイ) Haemodoraceae* Cyanastraceae* Liliaceae (ユリ) Iridaceae (アヤメ) Velloziaceae* Aloeaceae* (アロエ) Agavaceae* (リュウゼツラン) Xanthorrhoeaceae* (ススキノキ) Hanguanaceae* Taccaceae* (タシロイモ) Stemonaceae (ビャクブ) Smilacaceae (シオデ) Dioscoreaceae (ヤマノイモ) Order Orchidales (ラン)Geosiridaceae*Burmanniaceae (ヒナノシャクジョウ) Corsiaceae* Orchidaceae (ラン)
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APG (angiosperm phylogeny group)
APG II 2003
Fig.1 Phylogenetic relationships for angiosperms inferred from analysis of rbcL, atpB and 18S rDNA sequences; the jackknife consensus tree (for groups receiving 50% support) is shown. The shortest trees found were 45,100 steps. The number of species in each clade is given in parentheses; not all 560 species occurred in a clade portrayed in this summary tree. Jackknife support is given below branches. (Soltis et al. 1999)
treating with lycophytes and ferns (or monilophytes)
2016 PPG I (PPG I 2016)
Fig. 1. Summary tracheophyte phylogeny, depicting relationships among lycophyte and fern families recognized in this PPG I classification. Composite topology is derived from the results of numerous phylogenetic studies (e.g.,Pryer et al., 2001, 2004; Korall etal., 2006; Schuettpelz&Pryer, 2007;Rai & Graham, 2010; Lehtonen, 2011;Rothfels et al., 2012a, 2015; Knie et al., 2015; Zhang & Zhang, 2015). Most nodes have received consistently strong support; dotted lines indicate areas of considerable uncertainty. For each family, we note the total number of genera recognized in PPG I and the sum of species estimates for these genera (terminal clade height is roughly proportional to diversity for families with more than 100 species). Where applicable, informal clade names are provided in parentheses.
ICTVdB: Viruses BIOS: Microorganisms and protists Fungorum: Fungi FishBase: Animals AlgaeBase: Plants ILDIS: for legumes IOPI Global Plant Checklist: Plants |
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