Manifest Destiny; the belief that it was the destiny of Americans to expand westward and bring civilization to less developed regions

Up to and including 1880 the country had a frontier of settlement, but at present the unsettled area has been so broken into by isolated bodies of settlement that there can hardly be said to be a frontier line
→ shifted focus from westward expansion to urbanization, industrialization and overseas

The frontier, not Europe, shaped the American character

• ---. 1893. The significance of the frontier in American history. In The meeting of the American Historical Association, Chicago

a spirit of independence and self-reliance +
a more democratic society than that of Europe
→ "Don't be afraid to fail. You can always start over."

• ---, ca. 1728–1730. The history of the dividing line betwixt Virginia and North Carolina (manuscript) (Berland KJ (ed.) 2013. The dividing line histories of William Byrd II of Westover. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill
  

  As a firsthand account from the early 18th century, it provides detailed descriptions of the vegetation, soils, wetlands, animals, climate, terrain and human lifeways of the region, making it an work of natural history from colonial America
  

• ---. 1731–1743. The natural history of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands

exchanged specimens with British naturalists, e.g., Peter Collinson - introduce North American plants to Europe
established Bartram's Garden, the first botanical garden in US

1773-1777 extensive explorations across the southern colonies

Bartram's Travels - a classic American environmental literature

produced numerous detailed illustrations of plants and animals, influencing the Linnaean school and later naturalists

• ---. 1781. The British Prison Ship. A poem in four cantoes. F Bailey, Philadelphia
• ---. 1788. Philosopher of the Forest. In The Miscellaneous Works of Mr Philip Freneau. F Bailey, Philadelphia

the protection of dogs and cats used in research facilities

a major revision that broadened the Act scope beyond laboratory animals

a federal law to protect endangered species

Spotted owl

estimation: a protection measure a 1.2-million-ha no-logging zone

→ 30000 lost jobs and $290 million in annual losses

the measure was too favorable to industry
rejecting a law grounded in long‑term vision

the regional timber industry suffered a major blow

Walden

• ---. 1854. Walden; or, Life in the Woods. Ticknor and Fields, Boston. p. 65 (今井幹夫訳. 2004. ウォールデン 森の生活. 講談社学術文庫)
• ---. 1993. Civil Disobedience. Dover Publications (originally in Aesthetic Papers 1849)
  argued for civil disobedience against unjust government
  

permanent preservation of Walden Pond and its forests began
A real estate company plans to buy the site for a parking lot

state authorities are considering acquiring the site

faced a budget shortfall

TPL established in 1972 (Headquarters in San Francisco)

Council for Better Corporate Citizenship (CBCC, 企業市民協議会), Japan, reffered to TPL as a model

DuPont Circle (デュポンサークル)

Examples of enrironmental organizations
The Nature Conservancy (headquarters nearby)
World Wildlife Fund (WWF‑US)
Conservation International
National Geographic Society (a short walk away)
Oceana
Environmental Defense Fund (EDF)
Friends of the Earth
Earthjustice
Union of Concerned Scientists