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Mount Usu / Sarobetsu post-mined peatland
From left: Crater basin in 1986 and 2006. Cottongrass / Daylily
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[ conversation | terminology ]
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(Ito 1984) |
Redcuing repetitionsYou may read this book if you want to (omission: read this book).Language was made for man, and not man for language. |
He worked hard when (he was) young. He is never happier than (he is) when (if) he is working. When (I was) a boy, I used to go fishing with my father. |
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Countable noun= material noun + abstract noun + proper nounThese are often misused (check dictionary well):
advice |
Uncountable nounresearchnews equipment information feedback English |
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Research consists of three elements or components: 1) a question, problem or hypothesis 2) data 3) analysis and interpretation of data DefinitionWe sometimes require to define term to increase clarity.There is an uncertainty around the terminology in … This shows a need to be explicit about what is meant by … To date there is no consensus about … |
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(谷口 1977) TranscriptionInfinitive phrase (不定詞句) vs noun clause (名詞節)I hope to be a doctor. ↔ I hope (that) I shall be a doctor.I expect him to do his duty. ↔ I expect that he will do his duty. I told my son to keep the room clean. ↔ I told my son that he must keep the room clean. I believe him to have been trustworthy. ↔I believe that he was trustworthy. It is necessary to refrain from smoking in the hall. ↔It is necessary that everyone (should) refrain from smoking in the hall. It is natural for her to get angry. ↔It is natural that she (should) get angry. I think it natural for her to get angry. ↔I think it natural that she (should) get angry. She is said to have been a beauty when young. ↔It is said that she was a beauty when young. He seems to be studious. ↔It seems that he is studious. |
Infinitive phrase vs adjective clause (形容詞節)There is no water to drink. ↔There is no water that one can drink. He was the first (man) to come. ↔He was the first man that came. I made a promise to do it. ↔I made a promise that I would do it. Infinitive phrase vs adverb clause (副詞節)You must take care (in order) not to offend her. ↔You must take care that you may not offend her. He was sorry to hear of your disappointment. ↔He was sorry that (when) he heard of your disappointment. He left his home never to return. ↔He left his home and never returned. I got up so early as to be in time for the train. ↔I got up so early that I was (could be) in time for the train. You are old enough to understand such things. ↔You are so old that you (can) understand such things. This book is too difficult for you to understand. ↔This book is so difficult that you cannot understand it. They would be surprised to receive an invitation. ↔They would be surprised if they should (or were to) receive an invitation. |
Participial construction (分詞構文)As he felt tired (= Feeling tired), he went to bed early.[When I was] Walking along the street, I met him. Ex. When I was spoken to in English, I was at a loss. ⇒ Being spoken to in English, … ⇒ Spoken to in English, … |
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used before a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun, connecting it to another word to show a relationship in space or time or a logical relationship between two or more people, places or things |
1. Positive (原級)as - as …He is as great a statesman as ever lived. = He is the greatest statesman that ever lived. Her face turned (as)abbr. white as a sheet. not so (or as) - as … He is not so (as) intelligent as she is. He is not so much a thinker as a man of action. = He is not a thinker so much as a action. x times + as (positive) as She has about three times as many jazz CD as I do. I am willing to pay twice as much as you did for this picture. 2. Comparative (比較級)3. Superlative (最上級)TranscriptionPositive ⇔ SuperlativeI have never read so interesting book as this. ≈ This book is the most interesting book (that ) I have ever read. No (other) boy in this class is so tall as John. ≈ John is the tallest boy in this class. |
Positive ⇔ Comparative It is not so cold as it was yesterday. ≈ It is less cold than it was yesterday. He is as bad as beggar. ≈ He is no better than a beggar. (You and I are mad but) I am not so mad as you. ≈ I am not more mad than you. You are not mad, nor am I. (or Neither you nor I am mad.) ≈ I am no more mad than you. He is not so much a poet as a novelist. ≈ He is a novelist rather than a poet. Comparative ⇔ Superlative He is greater than any other English poet. ≈ Hi is the greatest of all English poets. I have never seen a picture more amusing than this. ≈ This is the most amusing picture that I have ever seen. Nothing is more precious than time. ≈ Time is the most precious thing. |
Verbs for indicating the goalsCognitive domain (知識領域)low-order↓ knowledge ↓ comprehension ↓ application ↓ analysis ↓ synthesis ↓ evaluation high-order
define identify recognize repeat choose describe discuss explain review simulates Affective domain (情意領域)low-order↓ receiving ↓ responding ↓ valuing ↓ organization ↓ characterization high-order |
accept attend develop recognize complete comply cooperate examine obey respond accept defend devote pursue seek codify display order organize systematize internalize verify Psychomotor domain (精神運動領域)low-order↓ imitation ↓ manipulation ↓ precision ↓ articulation ↓ naturalization high-order bend calibrate dismantle fasten fixe grasp grind handle heat manipulate measure mix organize perform reach shorten sketch stretch |
Dctoral course in Plant Ecology, Division of BiosphereEntrance Exam., English (2007.2.28)Attention: Do not open and see any dictionaries during you take this exam. Except Question (3) a, you must answer in English.(1) Each of the questions below is followed by several suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case.
a. When we eat celery we are acting as (2) Give the definition of the following terms
a. Facilitation (3) The following essay was written by an author who lived in Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. After reading the sentences, answer the questions a to d. |
Succession is influenced by many factors. You are studying a 20-hectare site that was homesteaded in 1884. At that time the forest was cleared. Stumps were grubbed from 10 hectares, but not from the other 10 hectares. The grubbed site was plowed and farmed for 10 years, the rest was grazed. In 1894, the settler went to fight in the Sino-Japanese War and the farm was abandoned. However, it stayed in the family to this day, with no further major disturbance. Contrast the two 10-hectare sites in terms of their successional progress.
[Hint] b. Which site will be closer to climax vegetation? Why? c. Which site will have more introduced species? Why? d. How would the location of the site affect the succession process? Would the results be altered if the site were located close to Sapporo rather than outside of Hokkaido, e.g., in Okinawa? Explain. (4) What would be an excellent way to control weeds in each of the following cases, a-e: a. A field is infested with either groundsel (Senecio vulugaris L. ノボロギク) or Klamath weed (Hypericum perforatum L. セイヨウオトギリソウ). b. A pasture is infested with Scot's broom (Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link, エニシダ). c. A pasture is infested with Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense Scop., セイヨウトゲアザミ). d. Lawn has a wide variety of undesirable rosette weeds. e. A vacant lot is covered by an array of interesting and pleasing weeds. (5) Write your research plan in doctoral course as following order. (a) Objectives, (b) Materials and methods, and (c) Expected results and the originality. |