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Mount Usu / Sarobetsu post-mined peatland
From left: Crater basin in 1986 and 2006. Cottongrass / Daylily
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Open AccessTo publish research works on the Internet and make them available for free by everyoneGreen Open Acessfinal manuscript provided by institutional repository Ex. HUSCAPGold Open Acessarticle processing charge (APC) after the acceptancePredatory Journalsintend for only revenue from publication fee paid by authorsabuse of the business model for Open Access Journals Their peer review is poor/inappropriate, or not done, and the quality of published papers is not guaranteedAPG, that is all! I believe that every researcher knows I do not have to summarize predatory journals, such as all of the MDPI journals, any more. |
Not to be involved in predatory journalsKnow their featuresCheck the whitelists by the scholarly publishing industry
- Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)
- Scopus (Elsevier database)
- Beall's List of Predatory Journals and Publishers |
[Writing scientific papers, Natural sciences]
IMRAD (IMRAD)Introduction, Methods, Results and DiscussionIntroductionTen Steps to Writing an Effective IntroductionThe purpose of the Introduction is to stimulate the reader’s interest and to provide pertinent background information necessary to understand the rest of the paper. You must summarize the problem to be addressed, give background on the subject, discuss previous research on the topic, and explain exactly what the paper will address, why, and how. Besides motivating a reader to read your manuscript and to care about your results, the Introduction is useful also to the journal’s reviewers and editors in judging the importance of your manuscript. An Introduction is usually 300 to 500 words, but may be more, depending on the journal and the topic. Therefore, the Introduction needs to be very concise, well structured, and inclusive of all the information needed to follow the development of your findings. Since every journal is different, it is important that you look at papers in your targeted journal to determine whether they use all of these steps. For example, some journals do not include conclusions in the Introduction.
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Methods![]() ResultsDiscussion (考察)Expression of causal relation (因果関係表現)Verb (動詞)Lack of protein [causes, leads to, results in] mental disability.Scurvy is a disease [caused by, resulting from, stemming from] lack of vitamin C. Noun (名詞)One reason why Xs have declined is that …The causes of X are poor diet and lack of exercise. A consequence of vitamin A deficiency is blindness. Physical activity is an important factor in maintaining fitness. Many other medications have an influence on cholesterol levels Preposition phrase (前置詞句)200,000 people per year become deaf [owing to, because of, as a result of, as a consequence of] a lack of iodine.Conjunctive (接続語)If undernourished children do survive to become adults, they have decreased learning ability. [Therefore, Consequently, Because of this,] when they grow up, it will probably be difficult for them to find work. The warm air rises above the surface of the sea, [thus, thereby] creating an area of low pressure. |
s.l. The branch of philosophy concerned with the use and study of valid reasoning. s.s. The study of logic features prominently in mathematics and computer science. |
ε-δ definition (ε-δ論法)∀ε > 0, ∃m: n > m → |xn - a| < ε
∀, universal quantifier (全称記号) |
circular reasoning, circular argument, vicious circle
A → → → → A
Correlation relationA weak claim - that variation in the independent variable is associated with variation in the dependent variable.→ Chicken-and-egg A ↔ B ![]() Soil pH determines plant growth, or plant growth determines soil pH |
Causal relationA strong claim - that variation in the independent variable actually causes variation in the dependent variable.
A → B VariableDependent variable: the target variable. The variable that is assessed as being the result of or predicted by other variables.Independent variable (predictor): The manipulated variable. Variation in the independent variable is predicted to be associated with variation in dependent variable. [statistics (統計学), meta-analysis (メタ解析)] |
= Moral philosophy (道徳哲学) the branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct Ex. The Ten Commandments, classical ethics derived from Judaism
Classification
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Utiliarianism (功利主義) vs deontology (義務論)Utiliarianism (功利主義)Bentham, Jeremy 1748-1832, EnglandGreatest happiness of the greatest number Mill, Stuart John 1806-1873, EnglandDeontology (義務論)Kant Immanuel 1724-1804Bioethics (生命倫理学, バイオエシックス)Hippocrates (ancient Greek)Hippocratic Oath (ヒポクラテスの誓い), written in Greek GalenosEnvironmental ethics (環境倫理学) |
FFPfabrication + falsification + plagiarism
Nazi human experimentation |