(Upload on May 8 2023) [ 日本語 | English ]
Mount Usu / Sarobetsu post-mined peatland
From left: Crater basin in 1986 and 2006. Cottongrass / Daylily
HOME > Research summary > Hobby > At Univ... > Logic
Data paper (データ論文)= data description paperObjectives: data sharing and reuse Ex. Scientific Data, Date in Brief ☛ Data paper |
Open AccessTo publish research works on the Internet and make them available for free by everyoneGreen Open Acessfinal manuscript provided by institutional repository Ex. HUSCAPGold Open Acessarticle processing charge (APC) after the acceptancePredatory Journalsintend for only revenue from publication fee paid by authorsabuse of the business model for Open Access Journals Their peer review is poor/inappropriate, or not done, and the quality of published papers is not guaranteedAPC, that is all the predator needs! I believe that every researcher knows I do not have to summarize predatory journals, such as all of the MDPI journals, any more. |
Not to be involved in predatory journalsKnow their featuresCheck the whitelists by the scholarly publishing industry
- Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)
- Scopus (Elsevier database)
- Beall's List of Predatory Journals and Publishers |
[Writing scientific papers, Natural sciences]
IMRAD (IMRAD)Introduction, Methods, Results and DiscussionIntroductionTen Steps to Writing an Effective IntroductionThe purpose of the Introduction is to stimulate the reader’s interest and to provide pertinent background information necessary to understand the rest of the paper. You must summarize the problem to be addressed, give background on the subject, discuss previous research on the topic, and explain exactly what the paper will address, why, and how. Besides motivating a reader to read your manuscript and to care about your results, the Introduction is useful also to the journal’s reviewers and editors in judging the importance of your manuscript. An Introduction is usually 300 to 500 words, but may be more, depending on the journal and the topic. Therefore, the Introduction needs to be very concise, well structured, and inclusive of all the information needed to follow the development of your findings. Since every journal is different, it is important that you look at papers in your targeted journal to determine whether they use all of these steps. For example, some journals do not include conclusions in the Introduction.
|
Methods
ResultsDiscussion (考察)Expression of causal relation (因果関係表現)Verb (動詞)Lack of protein [causes, leads to, results in] mental disability.Scurvy is a disease [caused by, resulting from, stemming from] lack of vitamin C. Noun (名詞)One reason why Xs have declined is that …The causes of X are poor diet and lack of exercise. A consequence of vitamin A deficiency is blindness. Physical activity is an important factor in maintaining fitness. Many other medications have an influence on cholesterol levels Preposition phrase (前置詞句)200,000 people per year become deaf [owing to, because of, as a result of, as a consequence of] a lack of iodine.Conjunctive (接続語)If undernourished children do survive to become adults, they have decreased learning ability. [Therefore, Consequently, Because of this,] when they grow up, it will probably be difficult for them to find work. The warm air rises above the surface of the sea, [thus, thereby] creating an area of low pressure. |
☛ 引用と盗用
|
When citing a reference, focus on the ideas, not the authors.
It is important to cite sources in the introduction section of your paper as evidence of the claims you are making. There are ways of citing sources in the text so that the reader can find the full reference in the literature cited section at the end of the paper, yet the flow of the reading is not badly interrupted. |
|
s.l. The branch of philosophy concerned with the use and study of valid reasoning. s.s. The study of logic features prominently in mathematics and computer science. |
ε-δ definition (ε-δ論法)∀ε > 0, ∃m: n > m → |xn - a| < ε
∀, universal quantifier (全称記号) |
Syllogism (三段論法)Paradox of Zenon (ゼノンの逆理)= Zeno's ParadoxesThe paradoxes of motion (deny the presence of motion)
Dichotomy paradox |
circular reasoning, circular argument, vicious circle
A → → → → A
Correlation relationA weak claim - that variation in the independent variable is associated with variation in the dependent variable.→ Chicken-and-egg A ↔ B  Soil pH determines plant growth, or plant growth determines soil pH |
Causal relationA strong claim - that variation in the independent variable actually causes variation in the dependent variable.
A → B VariableDependent variable: the target variable. The variable that is assessed as being the result of or predicted by other variables.Independent variable (predictor): The manipulated variable. Variation in the independent variable is predicted to be associated with variation in dependent variable. [statistics (統計学), meta-analysis (メタ解析)] |
|
= Moral philosophy (道徳哲学) the branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct Ex. The Ten Commandments, classical ethics derived from Judaism
Classification
Utiliarianism (功利主義) vs deontology (義務論)Utiliarianism (功利主義) ☛ Bentham and MillDeontology (義務論)Kant Immanuel 1724-1804 |
Bioethics (生命倫理学, バイオエシックス)Def. the study of philosophical, social, and legal issues in new discoveries and techniques in biology, e.g., genetic engineering and the transplantation of organsHippocratic Oath (ヒポクラテスの誓い), written originally in Greek I swear by Apollo Healer, by Asclepius, by Hygieia, by Panacea, and by all the gods and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will carry out, according to my ability and judgment, this oath and this indenture. To hold my teacher in this art equal to my own parents; to make him partner in my livelihood; when he is in need of money to share mine with him; to consider his family as my own brothers, and to teach them this art, if they want to learn it, without fee or indenture; to impart precept, oral instruction, and all other instruction to my own sons, the sons of my teacher, and to indentured pupils who have taken the Healer's oath, but to nobody else. I will use those dietary regimens which will benefit my patients according to my greatest ability and judgment, and I will do no harm or injustice to them. Neither will I administer a poison to anybody when asked to do so, nor will I suggest such a course. Similarly I will not give to a woman a pessary to cause abortion. But I will keep pure and holy both my life and my art. I will not use the knife, not even, verily, on sufferers from stone, but I will give place to such as are craftsmen therein. Into whatsoever houses I enter, I will enter to help the sick, and I will abstain from all intentional wrong-doing and harm, especially from abusing the bodies of man or woman, bond or free. And whatsoever I shall see or hear in the course of my profession, as well as outside my profession in my intercourse with men, if it be what should not be published abroad, I will never divulge, holding such things to be holy secrets. Now if I carry out this oath, and break it not, may I gain for ever reputation among all men for my life and for my art; but if I break it and forswear myself, may the opposite befall me. (Translated by WHS Jones) ☛ research ethics (研究倫理) Environmental ethics (環境倫理学)Researching the moral relationship of human beings to, and also the value and moral status of, the environment and its non-human contentsCompeting paradigms =
Anthropocentrism (人間中心主義) vs. |
FFPfabrication + falsification + plagiarism
Nazi human experimentation Fraud/fabricationEx. Piltdown hoax (ピルトダウン事件) in anthropology≈1909 Dawson, Charles (1864-1916, England)
lawyer and amateur archaeologist cranial bone, chinbone and teeth 1913 Woodward, Arthur Smith & Dawson C
the fossil named Eoanthropus dawsoni 1915 Miller Jr, Gerrit Smith: scepticism about the Piltdown find 1950 Oakley, Kenneth P: fluorine-dating
younger than any other fossils sampled from Piltdown (50 Kya) concluded that Piltdown Man is a forgery
human skull in medieval age + When the fossil was reported, he supported the findings |
Ex. Clone mouse (クローンマウス) 1968 Illmensee: nuclear transplantation, fly exchanged the nucleus of an unfertilized egg with a nucleus from a fertilized egg 1981 Hoppe & Illmensee: nuclear transfer, commonly-called clone mousetrumped-up charge - difficulties in replication study 1983 Bürki: accused Illmensee of falsifying dataEx. gene recombination (遺伝子組換) 1973 Cohen SN & Boyer HW: established gene recombination technique 1973 Berg P: considering the risks linked to recombinant DNA techniques NIH guideline: negative inhibition → positive control Identity of the forger2003 Russell, Miles (Bournemouth University): re-examined the fossils over 38 specimens are fabricated 2016 De Groote et al.: using DNA analyses + morphometric analyses
the consistent method and common source - the work of one person
HARKing= Hypothesizing after the results are known (Kerr 1998)THARKing: transparently hypothesizing after the results are known (Kerr 1998) CHARKing (or Pure HARKing): constructing new hypotheses after the results are known and presenting them as a priori hypotheses RHARKing: retrieving old hypotheses from the existing literature after the results are known and presenting them as a priori hypotheses (Rubin 2017) SHARKing: suppressing a priori hypotheses after the results of tests of those hypotheses are known + Active and passive HARKing |