Lichens

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Lichens (地衣類)

Mount Usu / Sarobetsu post-mined peatland
From left: Crater basin in 1986 and 2006. Cottongrass / Daylily

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Lichens

Consortium (共同体):
fungi + algae → consortium
an association, or 'living together', of organisms, ranging from epiphytism without obvious interdependence to symbiosis with definite mutual depencencies between the partners

Form

Crustose lichen (固着地衣, 痂状地衣)

crust-like lichens that may be buried in tree bark, or even between the crystals of rocks

Fruticose lichen (樹状地衣, 樹枝状地衣)

miniature shrub-like lichens.- one lichen of this type is the famous "reindeer moss" of Lapland

Foliose lichen (葉状地衣)

flat leaf-like lichens

Squamulose lichens (鱗片状地衣)

scaly lichens made of numerous small rounded lobes, intermediate between foliose and crustose lichens

Inner structure

Lichens are composed of a number of layers. The outer layer (farthest from the substrate) is known as the cortex (皮層) and is composed of fungal cells. The next layer, algal layer (藻類層) or gonidial layer (ゴニディア層), is dominated by algal cells in a matrix of fungal threads that hold them in place, close to the surface. The third layer is the medulla (髄層), which is largely made up of fungal cells. In crustose lichens, this layer is directly connected to the substrate, but the other two groups differ: foliose lichens have another layer, the lower cortex (下皮層), and are attached to the substrate by means of rhizine (偽根), hair-like strands; in fruticose lichens, the cortex and algal layer are repeated below the medulla. The entire structure is called a lichen body (地衣体) or thallus.

crustose lichen	fruticose lichen	foliose lichen
Upper cortex Algal layer Medulla	Upper cortex Algal layer Medulla Algal layer Lower cortex	Upper cortex Algal layer Medulla Lower cortex Rhizine

Chemical components (地衣成分)

Shikimic acid origin (シキミ酸経路)

Chemical commponent	Orcin system	β-orcin system
Despide ⇓	Olivetolic acid	Atranorin
Despidone	Pysodic acid

Taxonomy (分類)

classified by the fungal component

Class Lichenes (地衣)

Subclass Ascolichenes (子嚢地衣)

Series Pyrenocarpaceae (被果地衣)

Dermatocarpaceae (カワイワタケ)
Pyrenulaceae (サネゴケ)
Strigulaceae
Trypetheliaceae

Series Gymnocarpeae (裸果地衣)

Subseries Coniocarpineae

Caliciaceae
Cypheliaceae
Sphaerophoraceae

Subseries Graphidineae (モジゴケ)

Arthoniae
Chiodectonaceae
Dirinaceae
Graphidaceae (モジゴケ)

Subseries Cyclocarpineae (盤果地衣)

Caloplacaceae (ダイガイゴケ)
Cladoniaceae (ハナゴケ)
ca 560 species in 17 genera
Cladonia P. Browne (ハナゴケ), reindeer moss or cup lichens

major diet of large mammals in taiga and tundra
C. vulcani Savicz (ユオウゴケ/イオウゴケ), established in and around fumaroles, syn. C. theiophila Asahina

Calathaspis I. M. Lamb et W. A. Weber (1 sp)
Carassea S. Stenroos (1 sp)
Cetradonia J. C. Wei et Ahti (1 sp)
Cladia Nyl. (27 spp)
Cladonia Hill ex P. Browne (500 spp)
Heteromyces Müll. Arg. (1 sp)

Metus D. J. Galloway et P. James (3 spp)
Muhria P. M. Jørg. (1 sp)
Notocladonia S. Hammer (2 spp)
Paralecia Brackel, Greiner, Peršoh et Rambold (1 sp)
Pilophorus Th. Fr. (17 spp)
Pulchrocladia S. Stenroos, Pino-Bodas, Lumbsch et Ahti (3 spp)
Pycnothelia Dufour (2 spp)
Rexiella S. Stenroos, Pino-Bodas et Ahti (1 sp)
Sphaerophoropsis Vain. (2 spp)
Squamella S. Hammer (1 sp)
Thysanothecium Mont. et Berk. (3 spp)
Collemataceae (イワノリ)
Lecanoraceae (チャシブゴケ)
Lecideaceae (ヘリトリゴケ)
Pannariaceae (ハナビラゴケ)
Parmeliaceae (ウメノキゴケ)
Peltigeraceae (ツメゴケ)
Pertusariaceae (トリハダゴケ)
Physciaceae (ムカデゴケ)
Anaptychia Körb. (ゲジゲジゴケ), f<g ana(無) + ptycho (襞)。表面平滑
Physcia (Ach.) Vain. (ムカデゴケ)
Pyxine Fr. (クロボシゴケ)
Stictaceae (カブトゴケ)
Lobaria (Scherb.) Hoffm. (カブトゴケ), Sticta Scherb. (ヨロイゴケ)
Teloschistaceae
Umbilicariaceae (イワブスマ)
Usneaceae (サルオガセ)

Subclass Hymenolichenes (担子地衣)

one genus reported from Japan
Dictyonemataceae (ケットゴケ)
Dictyonema (Ag.) Zahlbr. (ケットゴケ)

Zahlbruckner A. 1926. Lichens. In: Engler & Prantl: Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien 8 Bd., 2 Aufl. Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig. pp. 61-270

Photobiont (共生藻類)

Algae	Form	Genus
Green	filamentous /placoid	Cephaleuros, Leptosira, Phycopettis, Pseudopleurococcus
	monocellular/short, irregular filamentous	Chlorella, Chlorosarcina, Cocobotrys, Coccomyxa, Gleocystis, Hyalococcus, Myrmecia, Protococcus, Pseudochlorella, Stichococcus, Trebouxia, Trochiscia
Yellow-green		Heterococcus
Blue-green	filamentous	Calothrix, Dichothrix, Hyella, Nostoc, Scytonema
	colonial	Chroococcus, Gloeocapsa

Ecology

Indicator species of pollution
Species promoting chemical weathering
Sometiems pioneer species along successional sere