myco = fungus (Greek) + logy = logic (Greek)
Formerly, mycology is one of the subjects in botany.
taxonomy
genetics
medicine, pharmacy and pathology
agriculture ecology
Animals and fungi are sister groups while plants constitute an independent evolutionary lineage.
About 100,000 named species and perhaps more than 200,000 unnamed species
Nutrition: heterotrophic (photosynthesis lacking) and absorptive (ingestion rare). No photosynthetic ability (heterotrophic nutrition)
Mode of life: saprophytic, parasitic, or symbiotic
Thallus: on or in the substratum and plasmodial amoeboid or pseudoplasmodial; or in the substratum and unicellular or filamentous (mycelial), the last, septate or nonseptate; typically nonmotile (with protoplasmic flow through the mycelium) but motile states (e.g., zoospores) may occur.
Cell wall: well-defined, typically chitinished (cellulose in Oomycetes).
Nuclear status: eukaryotic, multinucleate, the mycelium being homo or heterokaryotic, haploid, dikaryotic, or diploid, the last being usually of limited duration.
Reproduction (繁殖): sexuality → asexual or sexual and homo-or heterothallic
Sporocarps (胞子嚢果): micro-or macroscopicc and showing limited tissue differentiation
Habitat (生息地): ubiquitous as saprobes, symbionts, parasites, or hyperparasites
Distribution (分布): cosmopolitan
Fig. Fungal life cycles. Ech circle represents a life cycle and should be read clockwise; M, meiosis; single line, haploid phase; double line, dikaryotic phase; solid line, diploid phase. The three principal life cycles are as follows; 1, asexual; 2, haploid (common in Ascomycotina); 3, haploid dikaryotic (many Ascomycotina have a brief dikaryotic phase but a long dikaryotic phase is typical of Basidiomycotina); 4, haploid-diploid (unusual in fungi but occurs in some Chytridiomycotina); 5, diploid (characteristic of the Straminipila, only very rarely in Eumycota). (Burnett 1975)
High protein (20-30% of dry mass) containing essential amino acids
chitinous walls as a source of dietary fiber
containing B-group vitamins
low in fat
virtually free of cholesterol
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[1] Edible and choice Morchella spp. (morels) [2] Do not eat Gyromitra esculenta (left) and Verpa boheica (right). Morels are common in Alaska soon after wildfires (森林火災). (Morchella f<g Gr植物名morchelから。ノボリリョウ科)
A symbiotic or pathogenic relationship between fungi and the vascular plant roots
Fungus kingdom: Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes and Zygomycetes
Plants give carbohydrates produced by photothynthesis to fungi
Reward:
increase root surface area
increase ability to capture water, N and P
increase tolerance to adverse soil conditions
provide protection against pathogenic fungi and nematodes
modify composition of rhizosphere
Fungi give nutritents for photothynthesis, in particular, N and P, to plants
Arbuscular mycorrhizal distribution in relation to microsites on recent volcanic substrates of Mt. Koma, Hokkaido, Japan
Fig. 1. Five types of mycorrhizae observed on Mount Koma in 2000. A: arbuscular mycorrhizae detected from the roots of Elaeanus pungens Thunb., B: ectomycorrhizae from the roots of Salix bakko Kimura., C: ericoid mycorrhizae from the roots of Ledum palustre L. var. diversipilosum Nakai, D: orchid mycorrhizae from Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames, and E: arbutoid mycorrhizae from Pyrola incarnata Fisch. M: mantle, H: hyphae, C: hyphal coil, V: vesicules, and A: arbuscules. OH: outer hyphae. IHC: Intracellular-hyphae-complex. No monotropoid mycorrhizae were observed in the present study. Each scale bar indicates 50 mm. (Tsuyuzaki et al. 2005)
Sporocarps of mycorrhizal fungi (Hobbie et al. 2001):
3.5 ‰↓ δ13C
5.7 ‰↑ δ15N
→ δ13C should be interpreted cautiously (Hobbie et al. 2002)
Assumptions on N availability and isotopes (Hobbie & Colpaert 2003)
mycorrhizal fungi have higher δ15N
mycorrhizal plants have lower δ15N
ectomycorrhial plants have lower δ15N at low N availability δ15N of nonmycorrhizal plants does not change with N availability
= myco-heterotrophy
symbiotic relationship between plants and fungi, in which the plant gets all or part of its food from parasitism on fungi rather than from photosynthesis
Habitats → forests (with many exceptions)