(Upload on February 29 2020) [ 日本語 | English ]
Mount Usu / Sarobetsu post-mined peatland
From left: Crater basin in 1986 and 2006. Cottongrass / Daylily
[ climatology | disaster ]
ApplicationsWeather forecastingBiological meteorology (生物気象学) Agricultural meteorology (農業気象学) HydrometeorologyMaritime meteorology, etc. |
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[ ultraviolet ]
energy input → changing with latitudes and seasonsEnergy balance![]() |
Rn = H + IE + G + (Ain - Aout) + ΔSt + ΔP
St = ∫Z1z2[∂(ΣiρiciTi/∂t]dz + ∫Z1z2[∂(ρalq)/∂t]dz ➔ H: sensible heat flux
heats air
evapotranspiration
heats ground, melts snow and ice |
Beaufort scale of wind force (ビューフォート風力階級)an empirical measure showing wind speed (at 10 m above the sea surface) to observed conditionsEx. Beaufort number. description: wind speed, kt/m·s-1 (wave height, m): sea conditions; land conditions
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Wind direction (風向)![]() Fig. Compass rose (meteorological compass) ![]() Fig. Connection of Beaufort force, Fujita scale and Mach number.
V = 1.87081.5 mpg = 0.836B1.5 m/s |
Natural aerosol = cloud, volcanic ash, (fire smoke - sometimes anthropogenic), etc.
Anthropogenic aerosol = factory emission, veichle exhaust, etc. ENSO → El niño, inducing severe wildfire (in southeastern Asia) |
Aerosol optcal thickness (AOT) or depth (ADT) |
Pan evaporation (計器蒸発量)A measurement that combines or integrates the effects of several climatic elements, such as temperature, humidity, rain fall, drought dispersion, solar radiation and wind![]() Application: agriculture - to know how much water the crops need |
the state of the atmosphere, describing for example the degree to which it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy
AMeDAS (アメダス)= Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System (probably Japanglish)Research sites [ database ]Sarobetsu Mire: 45°06N, 141°42E, 7 m a.s.l.Toyotomi (豊富): 45°06.1'N, 141°46.8E, 14 m (7 km far from the post-mined peatland) temperature, precipitation, snowfall, snow depth, sunshine hour, wind speed, wind direction Horonobe (幌延): 45°00.4'N, 141°51.1'E, 5 m (13 km)precipitation Numakawa (沼川): 45°14.9'N, 141°51.1'E, 23 m (20 km)temperature, precipitation, snowfall, snow depth, sunshine hour, wind speed, wind direction |
Wakkanai (稚内): 45°24.9'N, 140°40.7'Ee, 2.8 m (> 30 km)
temperature, precipitation, snowfall, snow depth, sunshine hour, global solar radiation, wind speed, wind direction Mount Usu: 42°30'N, 140°50'E, 727 m a.s.l.Toya Spa (洞爺湖温泉): 42°39.9'N, 140°48.4E, 85 m precipitation, snowfall, snow depth Date (伊達): 42°28.5'N, 140°50.9'E, 3 mtemperature, precipitation, sunshine hour, wind speed, wind direction Mount Koma: 42°03'N, 140°40'E, 1133 m a.s.l.O-numa (大沼): 41°58.6'N, 140°42.9E, 165 m precipitation, snowfall, snow depth Mori (森): 42° 04.0'N, 140°35.3'E, 125 mtemperature, precipitation, snowfall, snow depth, sunshine hour, wind speed, wind direction |
the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location |
Expressionsettled weather (落ち着いた天気) ↔ hazardous or significant weather (悪天) |