Application of Electromagnetics

1837 wire telegraphy (telegraph)
1838 Morse code (dot and dash)
1851 established submarine electric cable in the English Channel

invented the first cold cathode discharge tube and Geissler tube

1880? filament lamp
1880? electrical distribution force
(1882 the distance of electrical power transmission = 65 km)

discovered the principle of rotating magnetic field → applied to produce induction motor (感応電動機)

1876 telephone (contributed to the education for deaf persons)

Electrician and entrepreneur (established the predecessor of Siemens Co.)
1867 improved dynamo-electric generator based on self-excited principle
1880? electrical railroad

1884 developed a compact steam turbine (蒸気タービン) for generator

1898 developed Rateau turbine based on fluid mechanics

1914- shakedown military-type radio communication network → contributed to the development

developed long-distance power transport technique

developed practicable lead battery

invented DC (direct-current) dynamo → paved the way for practical use

invented DC (direct-current) dynamo

baud that is a unit of modulating speed of telegram, originating from his name

electrical transformer (or voltage inverter), and electricity distribution system

theory on AC (alternate current)

Wave model of sound (音の波モデル)

sound pressure (音圧) p (hPa), = sound pressure at crest
sound pressure effective value (音圧実効値) = p/√(2)

Sound energy density, w (音響エネルギー密度)

w = pv/c

v: particle velocity in the direction of propagation
c: speed of sound

Frequency (Hz)
0 - Infrasound (with body resonance) - 10
infrasonic range (超低周波域)
10 - Infrasound or infrasonic waves (超低周波/可聴下音) - 20
20 - noise (defined by METI) - 100
20 - Low frequency noise (低周波騒音) - 200
200 - Non-low frequency audible noise (非低周波可聴騒音) - 20K
ultrasonic range (超音波領域)
20K < Ultrasound or ultrasonic waves (超音波)

Three elements of sound (音3要素)

a) (Tone) pitch (音程)

b) Tone (音色)

c) Loudness (音量)

L_p = 10·log₁₀(p²/p₀²)

p: effective value of sound pressure (音圧実効値)
p₀: reference sound pressure (基準音圧)

= 2 × 10^-5 Pa (= 20 μPa)

defined by ISO 7196
sensurous amplitude of sound evaluating low-frequency noise
L_G = 10·log₁₀(p_G²/p₀²)

p_G: effective value of G-weighted sound pressure

[ noise stress ]

Noise (騒音)

magnetic field + electric field

|f| ∝ k_e·(|q₁||q₂|)/r²

k_e is a constant, q₁ and q₂ are the quantities of each charge and the scalar r is the distance between the charges

Δφ = f, or ∇²φ = f

Δ and ∇² are Laplace operator
f and φ are real or complex-valued functions on a manifold

In three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates,

(∂²/∂x² + ∂²/∂y² + ∂²/∂z²)ψ(x, y, z) = f(x, y, z)

a compass needle was deflected from magnetic north by a nearby electric current
⇒ electric currents create magnetic fields

Oe, the magnetic field strength unit from his name

→ wave theory of light

Circuit (回路), or electric circuit (電気回路)

Schematic symbol (回路図記号)

Coil

Varistor

Fuse

Inverter (NOT)

J-FET
(N channel Ver.)


J-FET
(P channel Ver.)


Cristal

an electric light with a filament that is heated until it glows

(白熱 incandescence, adj. incandescent 白熱の)

X-ray (X線)

Common name_Range (nm)
X-ray_________10^-1 - 10¹ (0.1-10)
UV ___A______10^2.30 - 10^2.45 (200-280)
______B______10^2.45 - 10^2.50 (280-320)
______C______10^2.50 - 10^2.58 (320-380)
Visible light____10^2.58 - 10^2.8 (380-630)
Infrared_______10^2.8 - 10⁵ (630-100,000)
Radio________10⁵ - 10⁹ (100,000-1,000,000,000)

= Planck–Einstein relation, Planck's energy–frequency relation, Planck relation or Planck equation

h: Planck constant
ν: frequency (sec^-1) = c/λ
c: speed of light (3.00 × 10⁸ m/s or 3.00 × 10¹⁰ cm/s)
λ: wavelength of light (m)

Photon flux density, PFD (光量子束密度)

Photosynthetic photon flux density, PPFD (光合成有効光量子束密度)

Table. Illuminance levels (lux)
> 100000: snow mountain, coast in summer
≈ 100000: clear and sunny >
≈ 20000-35000: cloudy at noon
≈ 400-500: under a fluorescent in a office
≈ 300: sunrise and sunset
≈ 10-20: 20 cm away from a candle
≈ 0.5-1: moonlight

Fig. The scotopic (-----, 暗所) and the photopic (-----, 明所) curves of relative spectral luminous efficiency as specified by the International Commission of Illumination (normalized values)

direct light PAR = 0.43 × direct light
sky-light PAR = 0.57 × sky-light

(because shorter waves scatter more)

(Thimijan & Heins 1983)

Unit interconversion

UV-A (long wave, black light)

UV-B (medium wave)

UV-C (short wave, germicidal)

UV-absorbing compound concentration

Sampling

sample in the field

↓ dig up a whole or aboveground material
↓ pack into a plastic bag (or ziplock)
↓ store in a cooler with refrigerant and/or dry ice
↓ carry them back to lab. asap
↓ keep the samples in a freezer at about -70(80)°C until use
↓ freeze-dry

Leaf sample

Extraction

Method 1

Leaf sample (1 cm² or known weight)

↓ add 15-ml methanol (HPLC grade)/HCl/H₂O (90:1:1 volume)
↓ continuously stir and boil for 10 min.
↓ cool at room temperature for 15 min.
↓ filtrate with 90-µm mesh screens

Extract

Method 2

Leaf sample (known weight)

↓ agitate gently in the dark for 24 hr at 4°C in 1 ml methanolic extract*

* 3M HCl/H2O/MeOH = 1:3:16 (vol)

↓ centrifuge at ≈ 8000 g for > 5 min.

Supernatant

Quantification

Absorbance is measured by a spectrophotometer. Dilution may be required.

Antocyanin compounds

Use the following equation:
(Absorbance measured at 530 nm) - 0.24 × (Absorbance measured at 653 nm)

Calibration curve is made by Cyanidin 3-glucoside (Cy-3-glc)
♦ Unit = g (mg, or µg) (determined as Cy-3-glc g)/(g leaf)

UV-B absorbing compounds

Absorbance measured at 300 nm

UV-A absorbing compounds

Absorbance measured at 350 nm

♦ Unit (UV-B and UV-B) = A/g (absorbance %/g leaf)

(Day 1993, Gould et al. 2000)

Unit

where λ is the decay constant in s⁻¹
Ex. ²³⁸U = 7.038 × 10⁸ yrs. ¹⁴C = 5730 yrs. ¹³⁷Cs = 30.17 yrs

Interaction of ionizing radiation with matter