Mineral nutrition (無機代謝物, 無機養分, 無機栄養)

Atoms in living organisms
H 62%, O 26, C 9.5, N 1.4, Ca, 0.31, P 0.22, Cl 0.08
+ K, S, Na, Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, B, Al, V, Ma, I, Si, Sn, Ni, Cr, F, Se

Major elements (多量必須元素)

Trace elements (微量必須元素)

Beneficial elements (有用元素)

= Macronutrient
Elements required by plants to grow and complete their life cycle

N (nitrogen)

1802 de Saussure
1851-1855 Boussingault

Forming amino acids, amino-enzymes, nucleic acids, chlorophyll, alkaloids, and purine bases
Organic nitrogen
Inorganic nitrogen

P (phosphorus)

1839 Liebig
1861 Ville

Forming ATP, RNA, DNA, phytin and certain enzymes

K (potassium)

1866 Bimer & Lacanus

Maintaining the water staus in plants via operating turgor pressure and opening and closing stomata

Ca (calcium)

1862 Strohmann

Maintaining cell integrity and membrane permeability
Inducing pollen germination and growth
Activating enzymes related to cell mitosis, division and elongation

Mg (magnecium)

1875 Boehm

Forming chlorophyll

S (sulfur)

1866 Bimer & Lucanus

Promoting protein synthesis
Consisting of cystine and thiamin
Forming disulfide bonds (S-S bond)

= Micronutrient
The elements are required in relatively low concentrations in plants compared to the major elements

Fe (iron, Fe⁺⁺, Fe³⁺)

1843 Gris

Mn (manganese)

1849-51 Salm-Hgorstmar: growing Avena sativa without Mn → gray speck disease (灰斑病)
1863 Raulin: Rhizopus (Ascophora), a fungus, needs Mn as trace element. Also, indicating the importance of Zn for the fungus
1907-12 Javillier & Bertrand: confirming that Mn is a trace element for Rhizopus and Aspergillus niger by additional tests
1922 McHargue: confirming the dispensability using Avena sativa, Glycine max and Lycopersicon sp.
1928 Samuel & Piper: inducing gray speck disease by applying water culture

Zn (zinc)

1869 Raulin / 1907 Javillier: showing that Aspergillus niger requires Zn for the grwoth
1914 Maze: demonstrating that Zea mays requires Zn for the growth
1926 Sommer & Lipman: advocating that all plants require Zn
1928 Sommer: demonstrating that Zn is essential for a few examined plant species

B (boron)

1910 Agulhon: the growths of Raphanus sativus, Avena sativa (oat) and Triticum aesticum (common wheat) are promoted by the contamination of B in water culture
1915 Maze: Zea mays (corn), the same above
1923 Warington: showing that Vicia fava (broad bean) requires B
1928 Sommer & Lipman: demonstrating that a few hihger plans required B
1945 Winfield: fungi did not require B
1952 Eyster: B is essential for blue-green algae. Azotobacter chroococcum required B to fix nitrogen

Cu (copper, Cu⁺⁺, Cu⁺)

1925 McHargue 1927 Bortes, 1928 Roberg, 1935 Steinberg, 1939 Mulder: discovered that fungi and bacteria required Cu for their growths
1931 Sommer & Lipman, 1931 MacKinney: Lycopersicon esculenthum (tomato), Helianthus annuus (sunflower), reported that Hordeum vulgare (common barley), Linum usitatissimum (common flax ) were essential
1938 Arnon, 1942 Piper: demonstrated that Cu and Zn were essential by uisng purifing specific nutrient salts that did not contain Cu and Zn

Mo (molybdenum, MoO4^2-)

1930, 1936 Bortels: Azotobacter, nitrogen-fixing fungus
1937 Steinberg: micro-organisms require Mo when the nutrient source is nitrate
1939 Arton, Stant: higher plants require Mo when the nutrient source is nitrate
1940 Jenson, Betty, 1942 Anderson: Rhizobium, a root nodule bacterium, requires Mo
1940 Bortels: Other micro-organisms, such as Nostoc, Anabena, Clostridium butyricum require Mo. Nitrogen-fixing bacteris is high requisite performance
1945 Stewart, Leonard: pointing out that the cause of yellow spotting on citrus was owing to the poverty of Mo
1945 Mitchell, 1952 Davis: broccoli and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) recovered whip tail by adding Mo
1961, 1962 Bond, Hewitt: Actinomycetes on Casuarina cunninghamiana, Myrica gale, Alnus glutinosa require Mo

Cl (chlorine)

1955 Boyer, Carton, Johnson & Stout

Al (aluminium, or aluminum)

Se (seleniumm, セレン)

Na (natrium, or sodium)

Si (silicon)

NAD + NADP = 0.88
NADP + NADPH = 0.29 (total = 1.17)
CoA = 0.42
FAD = 0.07
TPP = 0.035
PLP = 0.0074
B12 = 0.00012

5 steps:
CH₃COCOOH + NAD⁺ + CoA-SH → CH₃CO-S-CoA + NADH + H⁺
E₁: pyruvate dehydrogenase (decarboxylase), EC 1, 2, 4, 1
E₂: dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase, EC 2, 3, 1, 12
E₃: dihydrolipoamide reductase (dehydrogenase), EC 1, 6, 4, 3

Pteridine-P-aminobenzoic acid-Glutamic acid
C₁: -CH₂OH, -CHO, -CH₃ = tetrahydrofolic acid (FH₄) in vivo - not functioned as co-enzyme when the form is not like this

CH₂OH-CH(NH₂)-COOH (Serine) + FH₄
→ CH₂-CNH₂-COOH (Glycine) + N⁵, N¹⁰-methylase-FH₄

relted to electron transfer

Ex. ubiquinone (UQ)

R: -H, menadione (2-methyl-1, 4-naphtoquinone)
R: -CH₂CH=CCH₃(CH₂CH₂C(CH₃)H-CH₂)_nCH₃

n = 3: vitamin K₁, =5-8: K₂ series (=6: K₂(30), =7: K₂(35))

R: -OH, phthicol

History

Green revolution (緑の革命)

high-yielding varieties of crops
chemical fertilizers/pesticide - effective to high-yielding varieties
mechanization
⇒ spread to developing countries

Philippines, financially supported by the Rockefeller Foundation and the Ford Foundation
1966 IR-8, called Miracle Rice, was developed

Mexico, financially supported by the Rockefeller Foundation and the Ford Foundation

Experiments

Problems