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Mount Usu / Sarobetsu post-mined peatland
From left: Crater basin in 1986 and 2006. Cottongrass / Daylily
HOME > Lecture catalog / Research summary > Glossary > Metabolism
Metabolism (代謝)all of the biochemical reactions by which complex molecules taken into an organism are broken down to produce energy and by which energy is used to build up new moleculesAll metabolic reactions fall into one of two general categories:
![]() Fig. Primary metabolism and secondary metabolism |
[ photosynthesis | animal physiology ] Biosynthesis (生合成)≈ assimilation, anabolismmulti-step, enzyme-catalyzed process of which substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms |
High energy compoundsHigh-energy phosphate compound
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Table. high-energy phosphate compound (高エネルギーリン酸化合物) Compound ΔG0' Compound ΔG0' Phosphenol-pyruvate -14.8 ATP -7.3 1, 3-di-phospho-glycerate -11.8 Glucose-1-phosphate -5.0 Acetyl phosphate -10.1 Fructose-6-phosphate -3.8 Phospho-arginine -7.7 |
= glycolysis system + TCA cycle + electron transfer system
Researches on respiratory chainConfirming the various pathwasy by using inhibitors, such as antimycin A, rotenone, amytal and piericidin![]() Glycolysis system![]() Fig. Glycolysis TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)= Krebs cycle![]() |
Electron transfer system![]() Partial reaction (部分反応)= reversibility of phosphorylation electron transport
ATP malate ← OAA ← Fp1 ─┐
Fp2 → Q → cyt b → cyt c1 → cyt c → cyt a
⇑ ⇑
succinate antimycin A
mitochondria antimycin A
⇓
NADH ← NAD ← Q → cyt c →→
↑ ⇑ Ca2+ ion transport
high energy ascorbate │
└──────────┘
![]() Oligomycin (オリゴマイシン)one of the antibioticsmacrolides created by Streptomyces that can be poisonous to other organisms an inhibitor of ATP synthase (ATP合生阻害剤) in oxidative phosphorylation (酸化的リン酸化) by blocking its proton channel (Fo subunit) Oligomycin A: C45H74O11791.062 g/mol (mw) R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 Oligomycin A CH3 H OH H,H CH3 Oligomycin B CH3 H OH O CH3 Oligomycin C CH3 H H H,H CH3 Oligomycin D H H OH H,H CH3 (Rutamycin A) Oligomycin E CH3 OH OH O CH3 Oligomycin F CH3 H OH H,H CH2CH3 Rutamycin B H H H H,H CH3 44-Homooligomycin A CH2CH3 H OH H,H CH3 44-Homooligomycin B CH2CH3 H OH O CH3 |
= oxidative photosynthetic carbon cycle and C2 photosynthesis 1966 Forester: exposed shortly to 14CO2 after growing under 12CO2 ![]()
Dark: utilize 12CO2 (utilize storage materials)
↓ Decrease due to a few substances ⇒ named photorespiration (光呼吸) |
= specialized metabolism (classical definition) pathways and products of metabolism that are not absolutely required for the survival of the organism Ex. antibiotics and pigments PlantsOften used for defense
alkaloids |
Chlorogenic acid (クロロゲン酸)Coumarin (or coumalin クマリン)C9H6O2![]() Nicotine (ニコチン)C10H14N2![]() Lignin (リグニン) |
Flower pigment (花色素)Four major pigments (四大色素)
1. carotenoid2. flavonoid (フラボノイド)
![]() ![]() ![]() _______flavonol ↖________↑ anthocyanidin_________↗ catechin ![]() ![]() ![]() ___(quercetin)____________(naringenin) ___flavone_____↙________↓ flavanone___alyl translation↙ chalcone ![]() ![]() ___flavanol (flavan-3-ol)_____isoflavone |
Function: tolerance to abiotic stress, signal to pollinators and seed dispersal agents Flavonoid pathway: specific to land plants developed during the period of land colonization around 550–470 MYA 3. betalein4. chlorophyll |