Eco (エコ)

The meaning of eco in Japanese

Waste problem

a: area for food production = 45,600,000 km²
b: assmuming a population of 36 billion

UN Sustainable development goals (SGDs, 持続可能な開発目標)

1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
10. Reduce inequality within and among countries
11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts*
14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive
17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development

environment - economics - society

Pollution (公害)

Air pollution (大気汚染)

Primary pollutants (1次汚染質)

carbon monoxide (CO, 一酸化炭素)
nitrogen oxides (NO_x)

Secondary pollutants (2次汚染質)

Ex. NO_x + VOCs + sunlight → Ozone (O₃) [smog]
Ex. NO_x + water vapor → Nitric acid (HNO₃) [acid rain]

Water pollution (水質汚染)

Water quality indicators (水質指標)

Turbidity, pH, water temperature, nitrates and bioindicators →
DO (dissolved oxygen)
COD (chemical oxygen demand)
BOD (biochemical oxygen demand)

the circumstances surrounding the ban reported on newspaper
identified nutrient pollution from wastewater discharge

amended several times, most notably in 1978, 1987 and 2012

Soil pollution (土壌汚染)

• Supporting services (基盤サービス), e.g., photosynthesis and nutrient cycling
• Provisioning services (供給サービス), seafood, transportation and genetic resources
• Regulating services (調整サービス), affecting climate, floods, disease, wastes and water quality
• Cultural services (文化サービス), providing recreational, aesthetic and spiritual benefits

prescription
property
penalty
payment
persuasion

Ecosystem service valuation database, ESVD

(生態系サービス評価データベース)

Background: TEEB^* valuation database

* the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity

UK (origin of NT)

founder and first chairman: Lefevre, George Shaw (1831-1928)

proposed by Sir John Lubbock

(歴史的名勝及び自然的景勝地のためのナショナル・トラスト)
Nationa Trust, NT: Founders = Octavia Hill, Sir Robert Hunter and - Canon Hardwicke Rawnsley
To protect natural and historic environments from development, land is acquired and preserved through donations and gifts from a broad base of supporters, and managed for long-term conservation

Rather a thousand people give one pound than one person give a thousand pounds

statutory trust
ensuring permanent protection of valued sites from sale or development

the Wildlife Trusts (successor organization)

historic country houses donated easier to the National Trust, because of exemptions from inheritance taxes and residential continuity

public access, preservation and income-generating assets
covenant (保存誓約): a legal agreement to protect land or buildings without transferring ownership

proposed a national park system and national park committee
→ the Countryside Act of 1949

1967 Civic Amenities Act: established conservation areas
Civic Voice (successor organization)

to acquire and safeguard unspoiled stretches of coastline
to raise public funds for purchasing vulnerable coastal land
to ensure public access and long-term environmental stewardship
prior to project (1965) - obtained 175 miles
posterior to project - obtained 191 miles (total = 366)
present - 775 miles

total coastlilne ≈ 3000 miles
natural coastline in 1965 ≈ 870 miles
coastline protected by the NT ≈ 775 miles (≥ 10%, prob. 25%)

IEO2019 (International Energy Outlook 2019): 49% of energry will be obtained from renewable energy by 2050

Wind-power generation (風力発電)

alternative to burning fossil fuels → produces no greenhouse gas during operation
renewable

Offshore wind power (海洋風力発電)

Environmental problems derived by wind power

• noise, low-frequency wave
• disaster, water quality
• landscape
• nature quality and quantity
• wild bird

  collision death (bird strike)
  habitat loss and destruction (escape, barrier)
  

• shadow flicker
• others

• measured spatial indication of where protected species are likely to be perturbed by change
• does not create no-go areas
• not indicative of species presence and absence
• uses existing data
• stakeholder involvement

1. species selection
   terrestrial species
   species of conservation concern
   inclusion add value to the map
   sufficient data
2. species sensitivity index
   • survival rate, flight manoeuvr, soaring, aerial foraging, ranging behavior, flocking, nocturnal flight activity, aerial display
   • site fidelity, range, sensitivity to displacement, habitat preference, available habitat
   • conservation status, biogeographic population
3. calculating the sensitivity index
   species sensitivity score (SSS) =

   maximum conservation socre ×

   (averaged flight vulnerability scores +
   averaged habitat averaged flight vulnerability scores)

   characteristics often overlap (i.e. collinear)
   avoid inflation/stretching of range

4. zoning of sensitivity → sensitivity mapping → disclosure

Noise

developed cyclotron (NHK 2013)

sent to the President Franklin D. Roosevelt
recommend to start US own nuclear program (≈ nuclear bomb) - Manhattan Project

1943 Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) established

starting the development of atomic bomb

Hiroshima - uranium type   Nagasaki - plutonium type

= UNAEC (国際連合原子力委員会)

06.14 USA: Baruch Plan (バルーク案)
06.19 USSR: Gromyko Plan (グロムイコ案)

Great Charter of Disarmament (軍縮大憲章) =
Principles Governing the General Regulation and Reduction of Armaments

twenty-three nuclear weapons tested by USA (⇒ ビキニ水爆実験)
⇒ 1954.03.01-05.13 Operation Castle (Bravo test)
⇒ 1956.05.04-07.21 Operation Redwing at Bikini and Eniwetok Atoll

07.20 Tewa test at Bikini
07.21 Huron test at Eniwetok
and others

05.20 Cherokee test (Mark 15) at Bikini
05.27 Yuma test at Eniwetok
06.11 Flathead test at Bikini
07.10 Navajo test at Bikini

Later changed to World Peace Council

1950.03 Stockholm appeal for peace

succeeded in electrical power generation

unrest in USA, e.g.,
1953.06.19 Julius and Ethel Rosenberg - death penalty
1954.05.27 Oppenheimer expelled from Atomic Energy Commission

Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, Panchsheel or Pancha Sila (平和五原則)

1. Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty
2. Mutual non-aggression
3. Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs
4. Equality and mutual benefit
5. Peaceful co-existence

Teller, Edward (1908-2003), the father of the H-bomb
03.01 Lucky Dragon 5 (第五福龍丸) - 23 crew members

contaminated by the snow-like irradiated debris and ash

03.14 returned to Yaizu Harbor (焼津港)
03.16 scooped by Yomiuri Newspaper
03.31 chairman of AEC, Strauss, Lewis L, press conference
05.13 radiation injury reported from Rongelap Atoll to UN
09.23 Kuboyama Aikichi (久保山愛吉) died owing to radiation sickness = the first victim of the H-bomb
fishery crisis - high radioactivity detected from fish
tsunami - occurred in Japan

USS Nautilus, SSN-571
1955.01.17 "Underway on nuclear power"

resistance to nuclear warfare

arms reduction and nuclear disarmament

UNDC = United Nations Disarmament Commission (国連軍縮委員会)

peace declaration by the scientists

1955.02.25-05.03 Roger B Taney (US Coast Guard cutter)

confirming the diffusion of radioactivity

promoted by R-E Manifesto

International organization, with independently of the United Nations
Headquarters: Vienna, Austria
seeking to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons

used for the blast-off of Sputnik I

proposed in UN Conference

Camp David Conference

nuclear-free zone, NFZ (非核地帯)

= Partial Test Ban Treaty (部分的核実験禁止条約)

= Washington-Moscow Direct Communications Link

= NPT (核兵器不拡散条約)

= Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

= Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Seabed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil thereof

signed Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement (核戦争防止協定)

= Treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Limitation of Underground Nuclear Weapon Tests

ERDA = Energy Research and Development Administration
NRC = Nuclear Regulatory Commission

= Treaty on Underground Nuclear Explosions for Peaceful Purposes

= 5th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, NAM
86 nations participated with 30 observers and guests

1978.05-06 SSOD I (第1回国連軍縮特別総会) = Special Session of United Nations General Assembly on Disarmament

critique of nuclear deterrence theory (核抑止論) → elimination action

INF = intermediate-range nuclear force (中距離核戦力)

the elimination of all nuclear weapons by 2000

reconfirmation of nuclear deterrence theory

The end of the Cold War - from Yalta to Malta

1991.07 signing by USA and USSR

= CTBT (包括的核実験禁止条約) - still-pending

= National Nuclear Security Administration

1997.07.02 USA: first test in Nevada
2010.08.15 USA (Obama)
2010.11.18 USA: Z machine
2017.12.13 USA (Trump)

Fig. Nuclear power plants in
Germany, including prototype and
experimental reactors. These have
been shut down by April 15 2023

Germany

Basel and its surrounding areas

• Wyhl (Germany), planned and canceled: anti-nuclear protests
• Fessenheim (France), decommissioned in 2020: concerns over seismic risk
• Gösgen (Switzerland), operational: commissioned in 1979
• Leibstadt (Switzerland), commercially operational in 1984
• Beznau (Switzerland), operational since 1969
• Kaiseraugst (Switzerland), planned and canceled in 1988 following public opposition

War on waste (ごみ戦争)

materials: organic solid waste (green waste), animal manure and bedding, human waste and sewage sludge

TOKYO GARDEN TERRACE KIOICHO (November 24 2017)

Water

Portland Streetcar | Green Street Stormwater Facilities

Plants at Work

PLEASE
For your safety and the
health of the plants, stay
out of the facility and
help keep it free of litter.
Thank you!

Each year, this green street facility keeps
223,300 gallons
of stormwater out of the sewer system.

Environmental Services
City of Portland
working for clean rivers

Food loss (フードロス)

SDGs 12: responsible consumption and production

Food loss index, FLI (食品ロス指標)

Food waste index, FWI (廃棄食品指標)