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(Upload on October 13 2013) [ 日本語 | English ]

Fish (Pisces) (魚類)






Mount Usu / Sarobetsu post-mined peatland
From left: Crater basin in 1986 and 2006. Cottongrass / Daylily

Any cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates usually having scales and breathing through gills
Important taxa for understanding food chain
Animalia 動物界
Chordata 脊索動物門
Vertebrata 脊椎動物亜門

Agnatha 無顎上綱 (≠ fish)
Gnathostomata 顎口上綱

Placodermiomorphi 板皮階
Chondriomorphi 軟骨魚階 (軟骨魚類)
Teleostomi 真口階 (硬骨魚類)

  • Nelson JS. 1994. Fishes of the world (3rd edn). John Wiley & Sons, NY
  • Nelson JS. 2006. - (4th edn). John Wiley & Sons, NY
  • Nelson JS, Grande TC, Wilson MVH. 2016. - (5th edn.). Wiley, NY
fish
Fig. External morphology of bony fish caudal peduncle (尾柄部)
belly (腹部)
breast (胸部)
索引
fin (鰭)

paired fin (対鰭)

pelvic fin (腹鰭)
pectoral fin (胸鰭)

unpaired fin (不対鰭)

caudal fin or tail fin (尾鰭)
adipose fin (脂鰭)
anal fin (尻鰭)
dorsal fin (背鰭)

anus or cloaca (排泄腔)
operculum (鰓蓋) or gill plate (鰓板)
opercle (鰓蓋, 特に鰓蓋後部骨)
lateral line (側線)
Function of fin for swimming
impetus - caudal fin
regulation

rolling - dorsal fin
pitching and yawing - paired fins

swim
Fig. Swimming modes of fish

Geological timescale (地質年代)

Taxonomy (分類)

[*: extinct]

Class Agnatha 無顎

Order Cyclostomata (lampreys, hagfish) 円口
Suborder Petromyzonida ヤツメウナギ,lamprey
Entosphenus ミツバヤツメ (E. tridentatus)
Suborder Myxinida (hagfish) メクラウナギ
Order Anaspida (Birkeniiformes)* 欠甲
Ordovician-Devonian
Order Osteostraci* 頭甲
Order Heterostraci* 異甲
Order Coelolepida 腔甲
mostly extinct (Silurian-Devonian)

Class Placodermi* 板皮

Silurian-Devonian
Order Acanthothoraciformes
Order Rhenaniformes
Order Antiarchiformes 胴甲
Order Petalichthyiformes
Order Ptyctodontiformes
Order Arthrodiriformes 節頸

Class Chondricthyes 軟骨魚 cartilaginous fish

Order Elasmobranchia 板鰓
Devonian - present
Suborder Selachii (sharks, dogfish, angel-fish) サメ
Chlamydoselachus, frill shark (fossil-present). Cestracion ネコザメ, Port Jackson shark. Mustelus ホシザメ, dogfish. Carcharodon ヒトクイザメ, man-eater. Isurus アオザメ. Sphyrna シュモクザメ, hammer-head. Squalus ツノザメ, angel-fish
Suborder Rajida エイ, rays, skates
Narke シビレエイ. Raja ガンギエイ, ray. Dasyatis アカエイ (D. akajei Müller et Henle アカエイ, tail = poison). Rhinoraja カスベ
Order Holocephali 全頭, rabbit-fish
Chimaera ギンザメ
Order Pleuropterygii* 側鰭
Devonian-Upper Carboniferous

Class Osteichthyes 硬骨魚

Subclass Actinopterygii 条鰭 (Teleostomi 真口) ray-finned fish
the pair fins on thoracoabdominal body (胸腹) are not archipterygium (原鰭)
internal naris (内鼻孔) are not developed
Superorder Chondrostei 軟骨上目
mostly extinct
Order Palaeoniscida* パレオニスカス
Middle Devonian-upper Jurassic. Cheirolepis
Order Acipenserida チョウザメ
Order Polypterida 多鰭
Superorder Holostei 全骨上目
Order Amiida アミア
Order Lepidosteida レピドステウス
Superorder Teleostei 真骨上目
interior skeleton is developed well
flourished rapidly

Division Clupeichthyes ニシン魚群

Order Siluriformes ナマズ
check location
Order Gymnotiformes デンキウナギ
check location
Order Clupeida ニシン
Engraulidae カタクチイワシ: Engraulis (E. japonicus Temminck et Schlegel カタクチイワシ, E.encrasicolus L. アンチョビ anchovy: the fish and its salt cured products, mostly captured in Italy and Spain)
Order Salmoniformes サケ
sometimes merged into Clupeida
Salmonidae サケ salmon, trout: 9 genera, 70 species
Osmeridae キュウリウオ: Osmerus
Plecoglossidae アユ
Salangidae シラウオ
Order Cypriniformes (Cyprindia) コイ
freshwater
Cyprinidae コイ
Cyprinus L. 1758 コイ: C. carpio L. 1758 コイ
Carassius Nilsson 1832 フナ: C. cuvieri Temminck et Schlegel 1846 ゲンゴロウブナ, endemic to Biwako Lake, RDB = EN. C. auratus langsdorfii Temminck et Schlegel 1846 ギンブナ
Acheilognathus Bleeker 1860 タナゴ: A. longipinnis Regan 1905 イタセンパラ/ビワタナゴ, endemic to Japan, RDB = EN
Misgurnus Lacepède 1803 ドジョウ
Order Anguillida ウナギ
Anguilla ウナギ(鰻)
Conger マアナゴ
Muraenosox ハモ
Muraena ウツボ

Division Mesichthyes 中生魚群

Order Cyprinodontidaメダカ
Order Belonidaダツ
Ablennes ダツ(Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus Le Sueurダツ, T. acus melanotus Breekerテンジクダツ), Cololabis サンマ(秋刀魚), Hemiramphus サヨリ, Cypselurus トビウオ flying fish
Order Gasterosteida トゲウオ, sticklebacks
Order Syngnathida ヨウジウオ

Division Perichthyes スズキ魚群

Order Mugilida ボラ
Sphyraenidae Rafinesque 1815
Mugil ボラ mullet
Sphyraenidae Rafinesque 1815 カマス
Sphyraena カマス barracuda
Order Channidaタイワンドジョウ
Channa タイワンドジョウ China fish
Order Berycida キンメダイ
Beryx キンメダイ, Monocentris マツカサウオ(photogenic) pine-cone fish
Order Lamprida アカマンボウ
Order Gadida タラ
Gadus マダラ cod, whiting
Theragra スケトウダラ
Eleginus コマイ
Order Percida スズキ, bass
Suborder Percoidei スズキ
Superfam Percoidea スズキ
Centropomidae ホソアカメ
 Moronidae モロネ
Oplegnathidae イシダイ
Superfam Cirrhitoidea
Superfam Cepoloidea アカタチ
Sparidae タイ
Percichthyidae スズキ, controversial
Sillaginidae キス
Cichlidae カワスズメ, controversial taxonomy: freshwater and brackish water, all species are exotic to Japan

moved from Labroidei
Diverse in African lakes Ex. 170 spp. in Tanganyika Lake, > 500 spp. in Malawi Lake, 200 spp. in Victoria Lake

+ most of them are endemic to each lake

Following three tilapia species have been imported to Japan for food
Oreochromis Günther 1889 (formerly in Tilapia): O. niloticus L. 1766 (Nile tilapia, チカダイ), O. mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia, カワスズメ)
Tilapia ティラピア: T. zillii ジルティラピア
Boulengerochromis microlepis Boulenger 1899 (giant or emperor cichlid), in Tanganyika Lake, probably largest in the family
Pomacentridae スズメダイ
240 spp in tropical to temperate regions ☛ parental care
formerly classified into suborder Labroidei
Subfam Chrominae スズメダイ
(including the former Subfam Amphiprioninae クマノミ)
Azurina Jordan D.S. et McGregor 1898 ササスズメダイ
Chromis Cuvier 1814 スズメダイ
C. notata Temminck et Schlegel 1843 スズメダイ
Dascyllus Cuvier 1829 ミスジリュウキュウスズメダイ
D. aruanus L. 1758 ミスジリュウキュウスズメダイ
Pycnochromis Fowler 1941 ヒメスズメダイ
Subfam Amphiprioninae Allen 1975 クマノミ, when established
= Clark anemonefish, yellowtail clownfish, etc.
Amphiprion clarkii Bennett 1830 クマノミ
Subfam Glyphisodontinae オヤビッチャ
Subfam Microspathodontinae イシガキスズメダイ
Subfam Pomacentrinae ソラスズメダイ
Acanthochromis polyacanthus Bleeker 1855, spiny chromis
Pomacentrus coelestis Jordan et Starks 1901 ソラスズメダイ
Suborder Labroidei ベラ
Embiotocidae ウミタナゴ
Labridae ベラ
Choerodon azurio イラ
Semicossyphus reticulatus コブダイ
Thalassoma cupido ニシキベラ
Labroides dimidiatus ホンソメワケベラ
Coris picta ムスメベラ
Pseudolabrus sieboldii ホシササノハベラ
Pteragogus aurigarius オハグロベラ
Parajulis poecilepterus キュウセン
Halichoeres tenuispinnis ホンベラ
Cheilinus undulatus メガネモチノウオ
Epibulus insidiator ギチベラ
Xyrichtys dea テンス
Odacidae オダクス
Suborder Scombroidei サバ
Scombridae サバ
Thunnus (South 1845) マグロ(鮪), Katsuwonus pelamis (Linaeus 1758) カツオ(鰹)
Istiophoridae マカジキ
Xiphiidae メカジキ swordfish
Trichiuridae タチウオ
Suborder Carangioidei アジ
Carangidae アジ
Coryphaenidae シイラ
Order Synbranchia タウナギ: Monopterus タウナギ
Order Tretaodontida フグ
357 species in 9 families, mostly in sea
Suborder Triacanthodoidei ベニカワムキ
Suborder Balistoidei モンガラカワハギ
Triacanthidae (ギマ)
Balistidae モンガラカワハギ
Monacanthidae カワハギ: Thamnaconus ウマヅラハギ, T. modestus Günther 1877 ウマヅラハギ
Ostraciidae ハコフグ
Suborder Tetraodontoidei フグ
Triodontidae ウチワフグ: Triodon macropterus ウチワフグ
Tetraodontidae フグ: Takifugu, formerly Fugu フグ(河豚)
Diodontidae ハリセンボン: Diodon ハリセンボン
Molidae マンボウ: Mola マンボウ
Order Cottida カジカ
Order Echeneida コバンザメ
Echeneis コバンザメ sucker-fish
Order Pegasida ウミテング
Zalises (= Pegasus) ウミテング sea-moth
Order Pleuronectida カレイ flat-fish
Citharidae コヒラメ
Paralichthyidae ヒラメ: Paralichthys - flounder
Bothidae ダルマガレイ
Pleuronectidae カレイ: Limandaマ-plaice
Soleidae ササウシノシタsole
Cynoglossidae ウシノシタ
Order Lophiida アンコウ
Subclass Choanichtyes 内鼻孔魚亜高 lobe-finner fish
the pair fins on thoracoabdominal body (胸腹) are archipterygium (原鰭) internal naris (内鼻孔) are developed
Superorder Crossopterygii 総鱗上目
Order Rhipidistia 扇鱗
Middle Devonian - middle Carboniferous(the origin of amphibian), freshwater
Order Coelacanthida シーラカンス, coelacanth
Upper Devonian-Cretaceous (one species, Latimeria is present)

living fossil (prehistoric survivor) (生きた化石)

Present taxa (☛ past taxa)
Latimeriidae: Latimeria (two species, L. chalumnae, L. menadoensis)
1938 first discovery of a modern coelacanth (L. chalumnae)

30 km southwest of East London, South Africa

1952 second specimen from the Comoros

thereafter more than 200 caught from Grand Comore and Anjouan

1997 new species (L. menadoensis) found in Indonesia
Superorder Dipponi 肺魚 lung fish
Order Dipterida ジプテルス
Order Ceratodida セラトダス

Ecology (生態)

Fishing is an important technique to measure fish characteristics

Field trip on integrated environmental research (統合環境調査法実習): Fauna and flora (魚類出現種リスト)

Fish1 Fish2
[1] a grayling captured for the research of river ecosystems near Fairbanks, AK, on August 17 2009 [2] a red salmon captured by Harada K at the Seward Peninsula on August 20 2008, by Harada K.

Western Australia

rod
Fig. Pylons, bridges and casting to snags
Ichthyochory: seeds dispersed by fish
Permission
Crawdad (crawfish) (ザリガニ/伊勢エビ)
Flathead Legal Length: 30cm, Bag limit: 20 per angler per day (combined bag with flounder)
Flounder Legal Length: 25cm, Bag limit: 20 per angler per day (combined bag with flathead)
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