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Mount Usu / Sarobetsu post-mined peatland
From left: Crater basin in 1986 and 2006. Cottongrass / Daylily
HOME > Lecture catalog / Research summary > Glossary > Biology > Ecology
The derivation of word 'ecology'Ecology (Oecology, Oekologie) = Eco + logy = Oikos (=household or at home) + Logos (logics)Cf. economy: Ecology surveys energy flow and economics surveys money flow; viz. "Economics" deals with functional housekeeping, and "Ecology" deals with environmental housekeeping. DefinitionThe totality or pattern of relations between organisms and their environmentIf there are 100 ecologists, there are 100 kinds of definitions.
Classification (分類)Principles and concepts pertaining to the ecosystemScale or levelSynecology: Community ecology, ecosystem ecology, production ecology, etc.Autoecology: Population ecology, genecology, sociobiology, etc. MaterialsAnimal ecology, plant ecology, fungal ecology, bacterial ecology, etc.Study areaOcean ecology, terrestrial ecology, alpine ecology, wetland ecology, etc. |
[Lectures: environmental conservation, environmental sicences, HUSTEP]
Hierarchy (階層)The focus of ecology is on the levels of organization from organisms to ecosystems (or nature).Table. Levels of organization spectrum. Ecology focuses on the top-and portion of the spectrum; viz. the levels of organization from organisms to ecosystems (modified from Odum 1971 & Krebs 2000). Any more level aids in the study of another level, but never completely explains the phenomena occurring at that level. Top-down ⇓ nature ⇔ ⇅ ⇑ ⇓ landscapes ⇔ ⇅ ⇑ ⇓ ecosystems (biosystem) ⇔ ⇅ ecosystem (biosystem) ⇑ ⇓ communities (biome) ⇔ ⇅ ⇑ ⇓ species ⇅ ⇑ ⇓ populations ⇔ ⇅ energy population system ⇑ ⇓ organisms (individual) ⇔ ⇅ organismic system ⇑ ⇓ organs ⇔ ⇅ organ system ⇑ ⇓ cells ⇔ ⇅ cell system ⇑ ⇓ subcellular organelles ⇔ ⇅ ⇑ ⇓ genes ⇔ ⇅ matter genetic system ⇑ ⇓ molecules ⇔ ⇅ ⇑ Bottom-up |
A study of the relationships of animals to their environments ☛ Estimation of population density (個体数推定) Territory (縄張り)Any defended area by an organism or a group of similar organisms (Noble 1939)Purposes: mating, nesting, roosting, feeding, edt. Home range (s.s., 行動圏)not associated with aggressive behaviour, as seen in territory (parts of the home range may be defended)Group (群れ)Summary as general use:Herd: a group of herbivorous animals in a species living and feeding together Ex. Elephants, deer and moose, giraffes (also used tower), hippo, whales, antelope. Sea urchins Pride: lions, peacoks (also used muster and ostentation)Pack: dogs, including coyotes, wolves and hounds, weasels Clowder: cats (kindle for kittens) - not so common Litter: kittens, uppies and pigles (at one time) |
Troop: monkeys, apes Flock: brids, including geese. livestock such as goats and sheep
Murder: crows and ravens. Parliament: owls. Gang: turkeys. Army: frogs, ants School (shoal): fish Herd behavior: the behavior of individuals in a group acting collectively without centralized direction ☛ Economics Hierarchy (順位)boss > sub-boss > males > … |
Def. Parental care (子育て): parental investment being made to the evolutionary fitness of offspring
Paternal care (父親保育) |
1959 Butenandt AFJ (1903-1995): C16H30O extracted from Bombyx mori
CH3(CH2)2CH=CHCH=CH(CH2)8CH2OH, named bombykol → |
Structure and dynamics of urban environments
urban ecosystem - bioecological approach |