Scientist

• OKADA Hiromu

von Humboldt, Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander

1799-1804: traveling Latin America

Gottlob König

Sapporo Agricultural College (札幌農学校)

Boys, be ambitious like this old man.

☛ Tatewaki M (舘脇 操)

von Salisch, Heinrich (フォン・ザーリッシュ)

proposed mass–energy equivalence formula, E = mc²

☛ Words of wisdom

Family Doctor of Mt. Usu

A brief history of plant ecology viewing from ecologists

Plantesamfaud (植物群落) proposed in 1895
Warming E & Vahl M. 1909. Oecology of Plants - an introduction to the study of plant-communities. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 422 pp. (2nd edn 1925). [first book on plant ecology]

An important part has perhaps been played by means of climate, which on the whole has become milder.

Schimper AFW. 1903. Plant geography upon a physiological basis. (Lubrecht & Cramer Ltd; Translated and reprinted edition, June 1960)
beginning of plant physiological ecology (ecophysiology)

1907 lifeform classification

ecosystem
ecotone
polyclimax
founded British Ecological Society

-. 1917. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 43:463-481. -. 1926. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 53:1-20. -. 1939. Amer. Midl. Nat. 21:92-110
Gleason did not disagree with the concept of plant "communities," per se: "Granted, of the actual existence of definable units of vegetation there is no doubt that these units have describable structure, that they appear, maintain themselves, and eventually disappear are observable facts."
Rather, he argued that: "vegetation, in its broader aspects, is composed of a number of plant individuals. The development and maintenance of vegetation is therefore merely the resultant of the development and maintenance of the component individuals ... according to this view, the phenomena of vegetation depend completely upon the phenomena of the individual"

1910 shown the presence of growth hormone(s), started in 1907
1911 The transmission of phototropic irritation in Avena
1932 Die Stoffproduktion der Pflanzen (Matter production by plants)

☛ production ecology (生産生態学)

heritability of traits in plant species, common garden approaches, ecotypes

vegetation analysis and classification

comprehensive analyses of population and geographic variation in plants

ecophysiology (gas exchange, water potential, temperature, etc.)

Grant V. 1971. Plant Speciation. Columbia University Press
pollination systems as reproductive isolation mechanisms

renewed focus on mechanisms that control distribution and abundance of plants

Japan

• ---. 1974. The geobotanical relationship between Beringia and northern Japan, with special reference to the arctic-alpine flora of the latter. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University 57: 340-348
• ---, Ito K, Tohyama M. 1965. Phytosociological study on the forest of Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis Gordon). Research Bulletins of the College Experiment Forests, Hokkaido University 29: 1-176

not widely accepted until the 1950s
supported by plate tectonics

• Wegener A. 1912. Die Entstehung der Kontinente. Geologische Rundschau 3: 276–292 (in German)
• Köppen W, Wegener A. 2015. The Climates of the geological past (Die Klimate der geologischen Vorzeit)/ Thiede J, Lochte K, Dummermuth A. (eds.). Reprint of the original German edition and complete English translation. Borntraeger Scientific Publishers, Stuttgart
• Wegener A. 1929. Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane (4 ed.). Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn Akt. Ges (in German) [Wegener A. 1966. The origin of continents and oceans. Dover, New York]

1795 2nd edn, 1805 3rd edn

Lamarckian evolution (Lamarckism or lamarckian theory)

1844 - Geological observations on the volcanic islands, visited during the Voyage of HMS Beagle

stayed on the island for 5 weeks

Reported 14 genera in six families (revised by his son, Darwin F)

• ---. 1907. Plant physiology and ecology. Cornell University Library. 332 pp.
  "the climax community is determined by climate"
• ---. 1916. Plant Succession: an analysis of the development of vegetation. Carnegie Institue of Washington (DC). 512 pp.
  
• ---. 1928. Plant succession and indicators. H. W. Wilson Company, NY. 570 pp.
• Weaver JE, ---. 1938. Plant ecology. McGraw-Hill, NY. 601 pp.

Plant formations (植物共同体, 群落)

proposed by Clements ≠ an organic entity.

Ex. Fagus, Abies, Picea, tundra

↓ initiation                                                         ←seed
↓ selection initiating progress or initial causes ← germinating
↓ construction continuing process or ecesis cause
↓ terminating stabilizing process or climatic cause

• Raunkiaer C. 1907. Planterigets Livsformer ogderes Betydning for Geografien. Copenhargen
• ---. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical geography. Oxford University Press, Oxford. (This translation contains the papers of Raunkiaer from 1903)

• Jongman RHG, ter Braak CJF, van Tongeren OFR. 1995. Data analysis in community and landscape ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 299
• ter Braak CJF. 1986. Canonical correspondence analysis: a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecology 67: 1167-1179.
• ---, Looman CWN. 1986. Weighted averaging, logistic regression and the Gaussian response model. Vegetatio 65: 3-11.
• ---. 1987. The analysis of vegetation-environment relationships by canonical correspondence analysis. Vegetatio 69: 69-77.

• ---, Gremmen NJM 1987. Ecological amplitudes of plant species and the internal consistency of Ellenberg's indicator values for moisture. Vegetatio 69: 79-87.
• ---. 1988. Partial canonical correspondence analysis. pp. 551-558. in: Bock HH (ed.). Classification and related methods of data analysis. North Holland, Amsterdam.
• ---. 1988. Canoco-a FORTRAN program for canonical community ordination by partial detrended canonical correspondence analysis, principal component analysis and redundancy analysis. TNO Institute of Applied Computer Science, Wageningen.
• ---, Smilauer P. 2002. CANOCO reference manual and CanoDraw for Windows user's guide. Software for canonical community ordination (version 4.5). Microcomputer Power, Ithaca, NY

Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné)

Born: May 23 1707 in southern Sweden
Died: January 10 1778 in Hammarby

the first textbook of descriptive systematic botany and botanical Latin (binomial nomenclature)

Principle of priority is effective after this publication (names propobsed before this publication are not accepted)

Bentham, George, CMG FRS

• Bentham G, Hookker JD. 1862-1883. Genera Plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. vols 3. L Reeve & Co., London

Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton

Engler

Engler, (Heinrich Gustav) Adolf

Born: March 2 1844. Sagan, Prussia
Died: October 10 1930. Berlin, Germany

1924 Engler-Glig: Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien 9/10 Aufl.

1936 Engler-Diales: Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien 11 Aufl.

1954 Melchior H und Wedermann E: Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien 12 Aufl.

Japan

they visited Japan

☛ introduced Ginkgo biloba (イチョウ) to Europe

posthumous writings translated into English

German version of the "History of Japan"

collected ca 800 plant specimens → sent to the University of Uppsala
Flora Japonica 1784
Fauna Japonica 1822-1823

Andrias japonicus, introduced to Europe

Siebold

1823-1829 (1st visit to Dejima): most specimens kept in Holland National University Museum at Botany Leiden University Branch (Siebold Japanese Plant Collection)

cargo inspection - items prohibited for export → 1929 deportation

1859-1862 (2nd visit to Japan): specimens sold by his widow - kept in Collection of the Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences

plants - researched by Zuccarini 1797-1848: Flora Japonica 1835-1870, co-authored with Zuccarini
animals - researched by de Haan W, Temminck CJ, Schlegel H, etc.: Fauna Japonica 1833-1850

flora of Japan (collected by Siebold) and Mexico (by von Martius)

1852 arrival of the black ships of Commodore Perry in Uraga

collected a few plant specimens by on-board Williams, S. Wells (missionary) and Morrow James (agronomist) → sent to Gray

1853 Wright, Charles (1811-1885)

joining North Pacific Exploring and Surveying Expedition →
visted Izu-Shimoda and Hakodate and collected plant speciments → sent to Gray

⇒ Tertiary-origin hypothesis proposed with Dana, James Dwight 1813-1895 (geology)

plants in dutch colonies (particularly East Indies)

taxonomy and origin of (European) alpine plants - sudden death

stayed in Japan during 1868 and 1871 and during 1873 and 1876
Enumeratio Plantarum in Japonia Sponte Crescentium (日本植物目録) 1875-1879, co-authored with Franchet

stayed in Japan during 1860 and 1864
1866-1877 "Diagnoses breves plantarum novarum Japoniae et Manshuriae"

1856-1863: pea plant experiments

published the results and discussion of experiments in 1866

introduced the present Mendelian laws - no response

• Mendel JG. 1866. Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden, Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn, Bd. IV für das Jahr, 1865, Abhandlungen: 3–47 (translated version: Druery CT, William B. 1901. Experiments in plant hybridization. Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 26: 1–32)

40 copies sent to famous scientists, including Darwin

Erich von Tschermak, Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns independently verified Mendel's experiments

the laws of Mendelian inheritance

influenced by Kant

1967 Speech and Phenomena
1967 Of Grammatology
1967 Writing and Difference
1972 Margins of Philosophy

Transcendental idealism
Critical philosophy
Synthetic a priori
Noumenon Sapere aude

Categorical imperative
Hypothetical imperative
"Kingdom of Ends"
The understanding–reason distinction
The abstract–concrete distinction
The primacy of the practical
Nebular hypothesis

founder of modern existential philosophy (実存哲学)

affected by industrial revolution
affected by July Revolution (1930) in France

Differenz der demokritischen und epikureischen Naturphilosophie

Realization of the holistic national ideology
⇒ radical democracy and proletarian movements

(Zur Judenfrage) ⇒ on human emancipation

(Zur Kritik der Hegel'schen Rechtsphilosophie)

discovered the manuscript in 1932
Alienation theory: (労働疎外論)

Workers: alienation from product, process, self and others

1846 "Die deutsche Ideologie (ドイツ・イデオロギー)"
criticised German Ideology (= Young Hegelians + True Socialism)

1848 "the Communist Manifesto (共産党宣言)", with Engels
1857-58 "Grundrisse der Kritik der politischen Ökonomie (経済学批判要綱)", unfinished

(Der achtzehnte Brumaire des Louis Bonaparte)

analysis of the capitalist economy

Engels, Friedrich (エンゲルス), 1820-1895

reported harsh working conditions in factories when he was 18

met Marx in Köln (Germany) at the first time
1844 re-encountered at Paris

influenced Marx largely

IWA = International Workingmen's Association

Lenin, Vladimir (レーニン), 1870-1924

Stalin, Iosif Vissarionovich (スターリン), 1878-1953

influencing sociology, critical theory, post-colonial theory and literary studies

World War II

1945 Part 1. L'Âge de raison (分別ざかり)
1945 Part 2. Le Sursis (猶予)
1949 Part 3. La Mort dans l'âme (魂の中の死)
Unfinished Part 4. La Derniére chance (最後の機会)