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Mount Usu / Sarobetsu post-mined peatland
From left: Crater basin in 1986 and 2006. Cottongrass / Daylily
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[ agroforestry ]
The academic disciplines concerned with society and human nature Subjects (by personal choice) |
sociology, law, economics (including management), politics, human geography, history, anthropology (including archaeology and linguistics), and the other sensitive subjects |
The study of social behavior or society, including its origins, development, organization, networks and institutions |
Smith Adam 1720-1790, Scotland
The Wealth of Nations (国富論) (1776) → modern economics Cournot A 1801-1877
marginal revolution (限界革命) = economy based on marginal concept equilibrium theory of market (economy) (市場均衡理論) Pareto 1848-1923heir on equilibrium theory of market → exchange theory Menger C 1840-1912Walras, Pareto and Menger → marginal utility theory (限界効用理論), proposed independently commodity value → measured by marginal utility |
Principles of Economics (1890) Jevons William Stanley 1835-1882, England A general mathematical theory of political economy (1862) Menger C 1840-1912Pigou AC 1877-1959 heir of Marshall Keynes JM 1883-1946: criticize traditional economics= Keynesian revolution Hicks JR 1904-1989, Samuelson PA 1915-2009→ established the fundamental concept of modern economics |
Def. Market (市場): a medium that allows buyers and sellers of a specific good or service to interact in order to facilitate an exchange Def. Goods (商品): a consumable item that is useful to people but scarce in relation to its demand, so that human effort is required to obtain ↔ free goods: (ex. air ↔ CO2 trade) Def. Market transaction (市場取引): goods, services, information, currency or any combination of these things passing from one party to another in exchange for one of these or another combination
Open-market transaction |
Correspondent agreement (arrangement, or contact) (コルレス契約)an agreement between the company (or a subsidiary of the company) and a person, primarily relating to such Person acting as a money transmission paying agentIn the case of Japan: foreign exchange contracts between Japanese bank(s) and overseas bank(s) Depository correspondent (デポ(ジタリー)・コルレス): Banks that have deposit accounts
Correspondent relation (コルレス関係) Banking correspondents ((銀行の)取引先銀行) - correspondent banks worldwide |
Def. The testing of the performance of economies and economic theories using
statistical and mathematical methods Frisch, Ragnar Anton Kittil (1895-1973) establishing economics as a quantitative and statistically informed science |
Kuznets, Simon (1901-1985)
a decisive contribution to the transformation of economics into an empirical science and to the formation of quantitative economic history Klein, Lawrence Robert (1920-2013)creating computer models to forecast economic trends in the field of econometrics |
Strategy (戦略)Pure strategy (純粋戦略): an action a ∈ AiMixed strategy (混合戦略),πi is a probability distribution over the action space Ai Def. Bimatrix game (双行列ゲーム): a simultaneous game for two players in which each player has a finite number of possible actions Q. Battle of the sexes (男女の争い) • Where to go on a date, baseball (1) or theater (2)? • Requirements: be at the best place + avoid to be alone
♂ \ ♀_____baseball__theater
♀ s♀ = (s1♀, s2♀), s1♀ + s2♂ = 1, s♀ ≥ 0
Based on the minimax and maxmin strategies, the solution is: Simultaneous or sequential: play simultaneously: each player makes a decision in turn (game tree) Perfect/imperfect information: ability to observe the actions of the opponent(s) Complete/incomplete information: complete information: knowledge of the structure of the games (payoffs matrices) One stage/multistage game: the outcome of a joint action can be a new game Repeated gamea game M (= stage game) is played over and over again
one shot game ↔ |
Tit for Tat strategy: play the action played by the opponent the last round
Tit for tat strategy can be an equilibrium strategy in PD or Chicken Prisoners' dilemma (PD, 囚人のジレンマ)1950 Tucker AW
simultaneous, perfect, complete game Bi > Si > Ti > Wi Def. standardized prisoner's dilemma game (標準的SDゲーム) ⇒Si > (Bi + Wi)/2 Game tree (ゲームの木)a type of recursive search function that examines all possible moves of a strategy game, and their results, in an attempt to ascertain the optimal move ⇒ applied to AIQ. Gary and Helen are planning on running competing restaurants. Each (G or H) must decide whether to rent space (R) or buy space (B)
__↱ R →H1 → R → A(16, x) (3) Suppose that x = 11 but that it is now possible for G to make a side payment of value V to H that will boost her payout at decision node A from x =11 to x = 11 + V. What is the minimum amount that V can be such that the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium path will lead to terminal node A? Assume that V can take on only discrete units (0, 1, 2, 3, …). A._ (1) (B, B). (2) (R, B). (3) V = 2 |
≠ ecological economics studies on the financial impact of environmental policies Tragedy of the commons (共有地の悲劇)a shared-resource system depletes the resources via the selfish collective actions of each user1833 Lloyd, William Forster: Lloyd pamphlet indicates "the commons"
= the effects of unregulated grazing on common land (in Great Britain and Ireland) |
1968 Hardin, Garrett: "Tragedy of the commons" on Science
under conditions of overpopulation, freedom in an unmanaged commons brings ruin to all how local communities can manage open-access resource systems without top-down regulations or privatization Applicaiton: digital commons, pollution, etc. |
VUCA (ブーカ)
Collaborative process model (協働プロセスモデル)IDEA cycleAdaptive management PDCA cycle (PDCAサイクル) Future Earth SDM OODA LoopLoop: observe → orient → decide → act → observe → …PDCA (cycle) (PDCAサイクル)= plan-do-check-act (plan-do-check-adjust)1950s Deming (business management consultant): An iterative four-step management method used in business for the control and continuous improvement of processes and products |
Plan (計画)Define the problem to be addressed, collect relevant data and ascertain the root of problem causeDo (実行)Develop and implement a solution: decide on a measurement to gauge its effectivenessCheck (評価)Confirm the results through before-and-after data comparisonAct (改善)Document the results, inform others about process changes, and make recommendations for the problem to be addressed in the next PDCA cycleMeeting (会議)a planned occasion when people come together, either in person or online, to discuss somethingconference: a meeting at which formal discussions take place
congress: a large meeting that is held to discuss ideas and policies Productive meetingHow to make your meetings more productive
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agroforestry = agriculture + forestry: to create sustainable landuse systems by an approach mixed with the technologies of agriculture and foerestry 1975 Bene, John (IDRQ, Canada): proposed agroforestry 1977 Bene et al.: published "Trees, Food and People"
problem = the interface of forestry and agriculture Agrofrestry in Los Banos, Philippines1 2[1] The upper layer is used for forestry, i.e., lumbers. The lower layer is for agriculture, e.g., banana cultivation (see the right). [2] Agroforestry system under construction. These two photos were taken on Mount Makiling, Los Banos, Philippines, on December 18 1997. Taguiam & Tsuyuzaki 1998 |
Abstract. Agroforestry is the favored farming system farmers adopt in Bagong Silang, Makiling Forest Reserve, Philippines. It is a farming system whose origin can be traced from kaingin (swiddening), a fundamental form of agroforestry, handed down by the first batch of farmers to the present generation of farmers. Agroforestry is recognized as an age-old tool in the protection and stabilization of the ecosystem, at the same time it provides a stable source of income and basic materials to the rural folks. However, farmers in Bagong Silang refused to associate their farming system to agroforestry. From the farmers' perspective, agroforestry means reforestation that involves the sole planting of forest trees. Thus, there is a need to strengthen the dissemination of basic information on agroforestry as a farming system and as a conservation tool in order to protect the Reserve from other forms of human activity. Other sociological factors determined to influence the adoption of agroforestry include beliefs and practices, migration pattern, place of origin, occupation and income.
Key Words: agroforestry / cropping pattern / farming system / Makiling Forest Reserve / Philippines / social forestry.
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