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Mount Usu / Sarobetsu post-mined peatland
From left: Crater basin in 1986 and 2006. Cottongrass / Daylily
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"How are the tastes", see Japanse pageTable. Japanese and scientific names of wild vegetables, I have ever eaten, distributed in Hokkaido.Allium victorialis ssp. platyphyllum (ギョウジャニンニク/アイヌネギ) Amphicarpaea bracteata ssp. edgeworthii var. japonica (ヤブマメ) Anemone flaccida (ニリンソウ/フクベラ) ウド Aralia cordata Aralia elata (タラノキ/タランボ)) Arctium lappa (ゴボウ) Corydalis ambigua (エゾエンゴサク) Erythronium japonicum (カタクリ) |
Lilium cordatum var. glehnii (オオウバユリ) Osmunda japonica (ゼンマイ) Polygonatum odoratum var. maximowiczii (オオアマドコロ) Polygonum sachalinense (オオイタドリ) Rumex acetosa (スイバ) Smilacina japonica (ユキザサ/アズキナ) Trapa japonica (ベカンベ/ヒシ) Matteuccia struthiopteris (クサソテツ/コゴミ)
[ wild vegetable | poisonous plant | crop ] |
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Toxin (毒)all the chemical substances that negatiely influende the activies of livning organisms, in particular, humanToxin (毒素)chemical compounds produced by living organisms. Any naturally-produced poison is a toxin. Toxins are generally made of small molecules, peptides and/or proteins. |
Toxoid (類毒素): a chemical substances denatured by chemical reactions, reduced or removed the toxicity, and retained the activities as antitoxin Evolution of protection on plantstoxins are evoluved for both defensive and offensive attacks to herbivores→ plants possessing a property injurious to animals, including human
Touch, e.g., climbing sumac |
Representatives of poisonous plantsMandragora officinarun L., M. autumnalis Spreng., and M. caulescens Clarke (マンドラゴラ, mandrake or loveapple), Solanaceae
perennial herb, native to Mediterranean region cultivated for precious medicine (past) → pyretolysis, pain relief, emesis, purgative (high toxicity) Hyoscyamus niger L. (ヒヨス), Solanaeae20-80 cm high (flowering = May-September) native to Europe, Western Asia and North Africa seed → alkaloid medicine as pain relief, sedation (for stomach cramps, gastric pains, kidney disease, etc. (strongly toxic) Atropa belladonna L. (オオカミナスビ)Leaf, root: extracts are used for medicines and ingredient of manufacturing atropine sulphate that has the effect of pupillary enlargement (highly toxic) Artemisia absinthium L.(ニガヨモギ) no descriptions on toxity → containing absinthe, which is bitter glycoside, in the whole plant stems and branches → absinthe or absinth (アブサン酒), which is a strong liqueur Colchicum autumnale L. (イヌサフラン) Seeds and bulbs: containing colchicine, one of the alkaloids (highly toxic) Euphorbia pekinensis Pupr. var. japonensis Makino (タカトウダイ), Euphorbiaceae flowering = June-July perennial, native to Japan (south to Honshu) - Korea highly poisonous → contact = skin inflammation, sinus infection, uptake = troat upswell, blatts Achillea alpina L. (ノコギリソウ)containing chamazulene, etc. (essences) → pain relief, arrest of bleeding, etc. → paste the flour to affected part 
Nicotiana tabacum L. (タバコ), Solanaceaeperennial with 2 m high, flowering = summer native to the tropical American Continent → widespread in temperate and tropical regions for producing cigarettes
dried leaf: nicotine and the other alkaloids → smoking (喫煙) annual, flowering = July-September native to central and southern Europe, and northern Africa
emulsion containing in the whole plants = lactucarium: antitussive, hypnogenesis, pain reliever (past) → high drug toxicity (not used in the present) |
Illicium religiosum Sieb.et Zucc. (シキミ) star-shaped fruit containing strong poison → emesis, diarrhea, breathing disorder, etc. after feeding (occasionally death) anisatin (C15H20O8), neo-anisatin, etc. Strychnos nux-vomica L. (マチン, strychine), Loganiaceae evergreen tree ≈ 10 m high native between India and tropical northern Australia
containing strychnine, one of the alkaloids Deadly poisons containing the whole plant → emesis, diarrhea, and/or irregular heartbeat after dosing strong nauseant and cardiotonic (past) Anacardium occidentale L. (カシュー, cashew), Anacardiaceae evergreen tree native to West India - Central American Continent
Bark containing tannin, fresh seed: anacardic acids Many more! Poisonous plants distributed in HokkaidoActaea asiatica (ルイヨウショウマ)Conium maculatum (ドクニンジン) Chelidonium majus var. asiaticum (クサノオウ) Datura metel (チョウセンアサガオ) Disporum sessile (ホウチャクソウ) Papaver somniferum (ケシ opium poppy) Phryma leptostachya (ハエドクソウ) Phytolacca esculenta (ヤマゴボウ) Ranunculus japonicus (ウマノアシガタ) Scoparia japonica (ハシリドコロ) Solanum nigrum (イヌホオズキ) Veratrum spp. (シュロソウ属, バイケイソウ) Xanthium occidentale (オオオナモミ) The three major poisonous plants of Japan (日本三大有毒植物)These three species are distributed in Hokkaido.
Detoxification (毒抜き)Lycoris radiata bulbs eaten after detoxificationPeel the outer skin: Remove the dark outer layer of the bulb to expose the white inner part Grind thoroughly: Use a grater or mortar and pestle to grind the bulbs into a liquid-like consistency Soak in flowing water: Submerge the ground bulbs in running water, changing the water at least once daily for a minimum of seven times. This step is crucial to remove the toxins Boil the mixture: Boil the bulbs thoroughly in a pot Dry them completely: Dry the mixture under the sun until it becomes powdered |
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≈ traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) or traditional medicine A medical system that has been used for thousands of years to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease. It is based on the belief that qi (気, the body's vital energy) flows along meridians (channels) in the body and keeps a person's spiritual, emotional, mental, and physical health in balance. Oriental medicine aims to restore the body's balance and harmony between the natural opposing forces of yin (陰) and yang (陽), which can block qi and cause disease. |
Treatments: acupuncture, diet, herbal therapy, meditation, physical exercise, and massage oriental herb (Chinese herb and Chinese herbal medicine) (漢方薬) medical herb (medicinal herb and drug plant →) (薬草) herb doctor (薬草医) Buzzing or tinnitus (耳鳴り)no miracle oriental drug |
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Agriculture: farming and the methods that are used to raise and look after crops and animals Agricultural science: broad multidisciplinary field of science that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture History of agriculture (農学史/農業史)Foraging (狩猟採集)Hunter-gatherer: plant food = 60-70% + animal food = 30-40%except a few, such as Eskimo (depending 100% on animal food) 1930 Yanovsky: 1100 plants used as food for north American natives1950 Steward J: 7 of the 19 tribes of Indian in Great Basin
seeded non-domesticated seeds Such seeding behavior is also observed in Andaman Islands, Australia and Africa 1968 Lee: !Kung Bushman in Dobe, South Africa
1.9-3.2 dy/wk and 6 hr/day for food acquisition - 12-19hr/wk rich in calorie and protein (300 seeds/day = 215 g/day) 1968 Lee & De Vore: during famineBushmen living in desert taught wild foods to agricultural people 1969 Jardin: 1500 plants used as food in African wilderness1975 Angel: tooth quality → foraging people > agricultural people ⇒ hard to find out why agriculture was applied widely Worldwide7000BC agricultural systems developed in various regions
Ex. Near East, South America, New Guinea, and probably southeastern Asia Near East and EuropeMesopotamia: Fertile Crescent (肥沃な三日月地帯)Mesopotamian marsh (alluvian plain) along Tigris-Euphrates River
flooding occurred in early spring - supplied fertile soil BC12500-BC9500 Natufian culture (Mesolithic age in Palestine) harvested wild crops = agricultre did not develop BC12000 drier than the presentprobably no oak forests - not recorded oak pollens BC9000 oak forests established - detected oak pollens> BC7500 Tepe Ali Cosh (or Kosh) in Iran and Cayönü in Turkey
accllimation of plants and domestication
bones of ca 35 species - no horn on the sheep Tepe Sabz, BC7500-BC4000
more than 7 cultivated species and 3 livestock species Major crops: barley in Middle and Near East until Ancient Greece by mediterranean agriculture Developing rural communities
> BC7000 Beibha (Jordan)
1. mediterranean - Spain (BC5000) became close to the present vegetation BC2900-BC2350 aridification - irrigated agriculture by artificial canals
crops damaged by salt injury due to high evaporation Mediterranean region≈BC40 Diodorus Siculus (or Diodorus of Sicily), Greek historiandescribed the origin of agriculture + Bible Ex. the fall of Adam and EveGerman1727 Friedrich Wilhelm I: Kameralwissenschaft1769 Beckmann J: Grundsatzeder deutschen Landwirtschaft Allgemeine Theil (general agriscience) + Besondere Theil (specific agriscience) Thaer ADLiebich Schultze FG |
EnglandWalter of HenleyBlith W Tull 18th c. agricultural revolution Gilbert JH Johnston JFW AfricaCharacterized by non-center evolution1979 Wendorf et al: discovered charred crop kernels
BC16000 a dig along Nile River in southern Egypt BC6000-BC5000 humans widespread in Sahara Desert BC5000 cattle breeding Crops: wild sorghum (Sorghum) - distributed in Sub-Sahara Africa BC3000 Mesopotamia: large-scaled irrigation to remove salt damage 1958 Jacobsen & Adamds: salt accumulation in crop lands BC2750-BC2250 pyramid age in Egyptchannels and walls, constructed as public project ChinaBC4000-BC3000 Yang-shao culture (仰韶文化), the earliest agriculture
Major food: Setaria (millet)
Ex. Feng-pi-tou (鳳鼻頭) in Taiwan (Chang 1969) BC 3rd Lü-shih ch'un-ch'iu (呂氏春秋) BC 1st (氾勝之書) ≈ 540 (斉民要術) 賈思勰: described agriculture, including sake 1313 (農書) 王禎 Japan (日本)Jomon forestsChronicles of Japan (日本書紀) Oceania and southeastern Asia13-7.5 (50-4) Kya: Hoabinhian Culture (ホアビニアン文化)a prehistoric stone tool culture emerged in Southeast Asia named from the Hoa Binh Province of Vietnam
early Homo sapiens migrated from Africa into southeast Asia 1966 Gorman: start the excavation
stone tools + ground stone axe/knife + cord-marked pottery
Hypothesis: a connection between the Hoabinhian and Jomon - migrations extended as far as the Japanese archipelago 1989 Chang KC (張光直): straw mat patterned pottery (縄蓆文土器) + polished stone axe (磨製石斧), bark cloth beater (樹皮叩具), perforated pointed pottery (有孔尖状土器)
⇒ semi-cultivation culture one of the earliest cultivation of taro and yam History of rice cultivation (稲作)2000BC-500BC Non Nok Tha, Thailand 1966, 1968 Bayard DT, Gorman CF, et al.: archaeological excavation
burial site from the Stone Age to the Iron Age Hypothesis: sister domesticates: taro/rice complex Pacific (6-5 Kya): excluced rice → yam culture North America (USA)South AmericaGarcilaso de la Vega (1498/1503-1536) - found out similarity with the myth of Mediterranean region1977 Bray: Tuhuacan valley in Mexico wild type appeared prior to cultivated type > BC6000 MacNeish in Peru: cultivated peas ☛ tomato (トマト)Inca Empire (early 12th C-1532): principal diet: corn by the improvement of agricultural systems andenes = terracedsteps (段々畑) in Andesincrease in crop production + erosion control |
Plants and fungi grown to be harvested for economic purposes, such as food, fodder, and fuel.
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Table. Optimal pH (pH that is best for plant growth) pH: plants 5.0-5.5: rice, oat, sweet potato, water melon, sunchoke, tea 5.5-6.5: corn, buckwheat, tobacco, radish, lily, Japanese yam 5.5-7.0: wheat, carrot, turnip, burdock, aroid, tomato, egg plant 6.0-7.5: rye, soybean, azuki bean, green onion, white clover, sunflower 6.5-8.5: barley, spinach, potato, astragalus, onion VegetableAllium (ネギ類)Solanum (ナス類) High-yield plantHigh-yield vegetable, HYV |