(Upload on January 8 2021) [ 日本語 | English ]
Mount Usu / Sarobetsu post-mined peatland
From left: Crater basin in 1986 and 2006. Cottongrass / Daylily
HOME > Lecture catalog / Research summary > Glossary > Geology
an earth science concerned with the solid earth, the rocks of which it is composed and the processes by which they change over time |
|
a branch of geology concerned with the study of rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification) Table. Geological timescale, based on Family Waagenophyllidae (Kanmera 1973, 勘米良亀齢) Era_______Fusulinida band (フズリナ属帯) Triassic Lower: - Permian
Upper: Palaeofusulina, Codonofusiella
Upper: Triticites ![]() ![]() Fig. 1.76. Morphology of Fusulinidae (紡錘虫). (a) Fusulinella. (b) Yabeina. A-A': axis of coiling, pr: proloculus, spi: spirotheca, s: septa, sp: septal pores, sf: septal fluting, c: chomata, t: tunnel, ef: external furrow, pts: primary transverse septula, sts: secondary transverse septula, as: axial septula, a: antetheca, pc: parachomata, f: foramina, lp: lateral passage. (Modified after Maklukho-Maclay et al. 1959). |
![]() Fig. 3.9. Interrelationships of life habits within the marine ecosystem.
![]() Fig. 5.34. Carboniferous coral zones and brachiopod/coral subzones, British Isles (Stamp 1950). An introduction to stratigraphy British Isles. Subzones: K1: Productus basus, K2: Spiriterina octoplicata, Z1: Spirifer tornacensis, Z2: Zaphrenus konincki, C1: Caninia cylindrea, C2: Palaeosmilia φ, S1: Caninia bristolensis, S2: Productus corrugato-hemisphericus, D1: Dibunophyllum bourtonense, D2: Lonsdaleia floriformis. (Yaughan 1905) |
Rock (岩石・岩)Table. Major minerals that form volcanic rocks. The chemical equiations are simplified. All the minerals except silica minerals forms various degrees of solid dispersion.colorless mineral (無色鉱物) plagioclase (斜長石)
CaAlsSi2O8 (anorthite 灰長石), An [→ abbreviation of terminal component] potassium feldspar (カリ長石) KalSi3O8, Or feldspathoid (準長石)
NaAlSiO4 (nephelite 霞石), Ne silica minerals (珪酸鉱物) SiO2 (quartz 石英・tridymite 鱗珪石・cristobalite 方珪石) Colored mineral (有色鉱物)peridotite (橄欖岩) (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 pyroxene (輝石)
(Mg, Fe)SiO3 (orthopyroxene 斜方輝石) amphibole (角内石) (Ca, Mg, Fe, Na, Al)7-8[(Al, Si)4O11]2(OH)2 biotite (黒雲母) K(Mg, Fe)3[(AlSi3)O10](OH)2 magnetite (磁鉱鉱) Fe2+, Fe3+2O4 (incluidng a small amount of Ti, Mn, etc.) volcanic glass (火山ガラス)silicate glass containing Mg, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Al, etc. lava (溶岩) |
Regolith (レゴリス): a blanket of unconsolidated, loose, heterogeneous superficial deposits covering solid rock, e.g.,
pedolith (ぺドリス) ≈ soil: a surface formation that has undergone one or more pedogenic processes
upper saprolite: completely oxidized bedrock
tephra and lava (火山噴出物) |
Limestone (石灰岩): CaCO3, a white or light grey rock formed from the shells of sea animals |
Serpentine (蛇紋岩)A rock composed of one or more serpentine group mineralsSerpentine group mineralsMinerals in this group are formed by serpentinization, a hydration and metamorphic transformation of ultramafic rock from mantle.Serpentine soil
PlantsSerpentine zone supports diverse wildflowers that are occasionally rare or endangered species, such as Primula takedana and Berberis amurensis var. japonica.Species sepcifically established in serpentine zones can be used as ecological indicator |
Plants in the serpentine zone of Teshio, northern HokkaidoAchillea ptarmica L. var. yezoensis Kitamura (ホソバエゾノコギリソウ)Berberis amurensis Rupr. var. japonica (Regel) Rehd. (ヒロバノヘビノボラズ) Euphorbia sieboldiana Morr. et Decne. var. montana Tatew. (ヒメナツトウダイ) Japonolirion osense Nakai (テシオソウ) Picea glehnii Masters (アカエゾマツ) Primura takedana Tatew. (テシオコザクラ) Thymus quinquecostatus Celak. (イブキジャコウソウ) [Field training on integrated environmental research (統合環境調査法実習)] |