Shoot

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Shoot (シュート)

Mount Usu / Sarobetsu post-mined peatland
From left: Crater basin in 1986 and 2006. Cottongrass / Daylily

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Def. (シュート): the part of a vascular plant above the ground, consisting of stem and leaves (Hale & Margham 1991) ↔ root

shoot
Fig. parts of shoot. 1: apical bud, 2: node, 3: leaf, 4: inter-node, 5: axillary bud, 6; stem

Apical meristem on shoot apex(茎頂分裂組織)

Def. shoot apex (茎頂): the tip of a shoot, which consists of the apical meristem and its surrounding tissues

playing a crucial role in the vertical growth of the plant and the formation of new organs
Apical meristem (頂端分裂組織): a region of actively dividing cells responsible for the growth and development of leaves, stems and sometimes flowers

Def. apical cell (頂端細胞): a prominent meristematic cell at the tip of a plant
Hofmeister, Wilhelm Friedrich Benedikt 1824-1877: 1856 apical cell theory
Hanstein, Johannes Ludwig Emil Robert von 1822-1880: 1868 histogen theory
Schmidt, Adolf: 1924 tunica-corpus theory

[plant morphology (植物形態)]

Shoot types (on woody plants)

Long shoot (長枝): elongated, long node
Short shoot, spur shoot or fruit spur (短枝)

on Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi)
(Ref. Seasonal heterophylly)
Shoot

A: shoot with long internodes and well developed nodes. B: long shoot and dwarf shoots of Larix. C: ramification of shoot: dichotomic, overtopping, monopodial, sympodial (from left to right).

Embryo and seedling (胚と芽生)

Def. a young, developing plant contained within a seed

containing the essential components that are used for the growth

Key parts of embryo: cotyledons + radicle + hypocotyl + plumule
Cotyledons
Radicle
Hypochotyl: developed in typical empbyo Ex. Diospyros kaki
Plumule

Stem (茎)

Node (節): holding buds Internode (節間): between nodes Aerial stem or aboveground stem (地上茎) Subtarranean stem or underground stem (地下茎, s.l.) Rhizome (地下茎, s.s.) ≈ rootstock (根茎) Primary rhizome: primarily developing for underground stems Secondary rhizome: originating from aboveground stems	Tuber, s.s. (stem tuber, 塊茎), from stems ⇔ Root tuber (storage root, 塊根), originating from roots, not from stems Tuber, s.l. = stem tuber, s.s. + root tuber Bulb (true bulb, 鱗茎) Climbing plant (つる植物) Vine herbaceous, relatively thin-stemmed climber (s.s.) Liana (liane) woody climber twiner: twining by the stems Ex. Pueraria lobata climber tendril climber: tendril or hook Ex. Galium spurium root climber: aerial root Ex. Schizophragma hydrangeoides leaner: only leaning against the object Ex. Rosa multiflora
Branch (枝)
Fig. Branch of woody plants apical bud = terminal bud bud scale axillary bud leaf scar bud scar node internode	Def. branch: a secondary stem or limb, growing out from the main stem or trunk supporting leaves, flowers and fruits, i.e., growth and reproduction Primary branch (一次枝): a major branch growing directly from the main stem or trunk supporting the overall structure and growth of plants, by bearing leaves, flowers and fruits and serving as conduits for transporting nutrients and water Secondary branch (二次枝): growing out from a primary branch extending the leaf surface area allowing it to capture more solar energy, bearing additional leaves, flowers and fruits contributing to the overall growth and reproduction Adventitious branch (不定枝): emerging from an unexpected location, e.g., from stems, leaves or roots rather than from the usual nodes developing in response to environmental stress, damage or as part of vegetative reproduction - important for plant adaptation and survival Branching (分枝) Def. the process by which plants develop new shoots from existing stems, resulting in the formation of branches determining the growth and reproduction, as it allows them to expand their leaf area, capture more solar energy and produce more flowers and fruits a. Dichotomous branching (二叉分枝) b. Monopodial branching (単軸分枝) or lateral branching (側方分枝)

Node (節): holding buds
Internode (節間): between nodes

stem

Aerial stem or aboveground stem (地上茎)

Subtarranean stem or underground stem (地下茎, s.l.)

Rhizome (地下茎, s.s.) ≈ rootstock (根茎)

Primary rhizome: primarily developing for underground stems
Secondary rhizome: originating from aboveground stems

Tuber, s.s. (stem tuber, 塊茎), from stems

⇔ Root tuber (storage root, 塊根), originating from roots, not from stems
Tuber, s.l. = stem tuber, s.s. + root tuber

Bulb (true bulb, 鱗茎)

Climbing plant (つる植物)

Vine

herbaceous, relatively thin-stemmed climber (s.s.)

Liana (liane)

woody climber
twiner: twining by the stems Ex. Pueraria lobata
climber

tendril climber: tendril or hook Ex. Galium spurium
root climber: aerial root Ex. Schizophragma hydrangeoides

leaner: only leaning against the object Ex. Rosa multiflora

Branch (枝)

Fig. Branch of woody plants

apical bud = terminal bud
bud scale
axillary bud
leaf scar
bud scar
node
internode

Def. branch: a secondary stem or limb, growing out from the main stem or trunk

supporting leaves, flowers and fruits, i.e., growth and reproduction

Primary branch (一次枝): a major branch growing directly from the main stem or trunk

supporting the overall structure and growth of plants, by bearing leaves, flowers and fruits and serving as conduits for transporting nutrients and water

Secondary branch (二次枝): growing out from a primary branch

extending the leaf surface area allowing it to capture more solar energy, bearing additional leaves, flowers and fruits contributing to the overall growth and reproduction

Adventitious branch (不定枝): emerging from an unexpected location, e.g., from stems, leaves or roots rather than from the usual nodes

developing in response to environmental stress, damage or as part of vegetative reproduction - important for plant adaptation and survival

Branching (分枝)

Def. the process by which plants develop new shoots from existing stems, resulting in the formation of branches

determining the growth and reproduction, as it allows them to expand their leaf area, capture more solar energy and produce more flowers and fruits

a. Dichotomous branching (二叉分枝)

b. Monopodial branching (単軸分枝) or lateral branching (側方分枝)

Bud (芽)

A small lateral or terminal protuberance on the stem of a plant that may develop into a flower, leaf, or shoot

Winter bud (冬芽)

A dormant plant bud enclosed in a protective covering which enables it to survive during the winter ⊂ dormant bud

Application to tree taxonomy (冬芽による樹木分類)

(a) Attached part (つき方), (b) morphology, (c) leaf scar (葉痕)

(a) Attached part of winter bud

(b) Morphology of winter buds (冬芽形態)

Winter buds of major species in Hokkaido (北海道主要樹種の冬芽). Sizes, uneven (サイズ不同) (斎藤 2009)
1; Salix cardiophylla Trautv. et C. A. Mey. var. urbaniana (Seemen) Kudo) オオバヤナギ, 2: Salix schwerinii E. L. Wolf エゾノキヌヤナギ, 3: Syringa reticulata (Bl.) H. Hara ハシドイ, 4: Cornus controversa Hemsl. ex Prain ミズキ, 5: Tilia japonica (Miq.) Simonkai シナノキ, 6: Liriodendron tulipifera L. ユリノキ, 7: Fraxinus lanuginosa Koidz. f. serrata (Nakai) Murata) アオダモ, 8: Euonymus sieboldianus Bl. マユミ, 9: Hydrangea petiolaris Sieb. et Zucc. ツルアジサイ, 10: Euonymus oxyphyllus Miq. ツリバナ, 11: Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. キリ, 12: Viburnum opulus L. var. calvescens (Rehder) Hara カンボク, 13: Sambucus racemosa L. ssp. kamtschatica (E. L. Wolf) Hultén エゾニワトコ, 14: Lindera umbellata Thunb. var. membranacea (Maxim.) Momiy. ex H. Hara et M. Mizush. オオバクロモジ, 15: Magnolia denudata Desr. ハクモクレン, 16: Alnus hirsuta Turcz. ケヤマハンノキ, 17: Betula maximowicziana Regel ウダイカンバ, 18: Acer japonicum Thunb. ハウチワカエデ, 19: Sorbus commixta Hedl. ナナカマド, 20: Carpinus cordata Bl. サワシバ, 21: Vitis coignetiae Pulliat. ヤマブドウ, 22: Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. ツルウメモドキ, 23: Aesculus turbinata Bl. トチノキ

Ailanthus altissima

Leaf scar or leaf trace (葉痕)

the mark left by a leaf after defoliation from the twig or branch

wb: winter bud, st: stiple trace, vbt: vascular bundle trace, lt: leaf trace. 1: circular, 2: cordate, 3: reniform, 4: flat-circular, 5: half-round, 6: linear, 7: crescent, 8: V-shaped, 9: U-shaped, 10: Y-shaped, 11: oblong, 12: pentagonal, 13: triangular, 14: reverse-pine-shaped (tentative translation), 15: T-shaped, 16: O-shaped (horse-shoe), 17: cocoon-shaped
winter bud

Leaf traces on major trees in Hokkaido. Sizes, not adjusted. (主な樹種の葉痕, サイズ不同) (Saito 2009)
1. Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem. (タラノキ), 2. Acanthopanax sciadophylloides Franch. et Sav. (コシアブラ), 3. Kalopanax pictus (Thunb.) Nakai (ハリギリ), 4. Acer mono Maxim. (イタヤカエデ), 5. Hydrangea paniculata Sieb. et Zucc. (ノリウツギ), 6. Sorbus commixta Hedl. (ナナカマド), 7. Alangium platanifolium (Sieb. et Zucc.) Harms var. trilobatum (Miq.) Ohwi (ウリノキ), 8. Phellodendron amurense Rupr. (キハダ), 9. Styrax obassia Sieb. et Zucc. (ハクウンボク), 10. Rhus javanica L. var. roxburghii (DC.) Rehd. et Wils. (ヌルデ), 11. Viburnum opulus L. var. calvescens (Rehder) Hara (カンボク), 12. Salix cardiophylla Trautv. et C. A. Mey. var. urbaniana (Seemen) Kudo (オオバヤナギ), 13. Populus maximowiczii A. Henry (ドロノキ), 14. Hydrangea petiolaris Sieb. et Zucc. (ツルアジサイ), 15. Schizophragma hydrangeoides Sieb. et Zucc. (イワガラミ), 16. Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb. et Zucc. ex Hoffm. et Schult. (カツラ), 17. Pterocarya rhoifolia Sieb. et Zucc. (サワグルミ), 18. Juglans mandshurica Maxim. var. sieboldiana (Maxim.) Makino (オニグルミ), 19. Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (チョウセンゴミシ), 20. Ulmus davidiana Planch. var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai (ハルニレ), 21. Acer japonicum Thunb. (ハウチワカエデ), 22. Carpinus cordata Bl. (サワシバ), 23. Betula maximowicziana Regel (ウダイカンバ), 24. Alnus hirsuta Turcz. (ケヤマハンノキ), 25. Euonymus sieboldianus Bl. (マユミ), 26. Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. (ツルウメモドキ), 27. Actinidia arguta (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. (コクワ), 28. Morus bombycis Koidz. (ヤマグワ), 29. Syringa reticulata (Bl.) H. Hara (ハシドイ), 30. Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. (ヤチダモ), 31. Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. (キリ), 32. Sambucus racemosa L. ssp. kamtschatica (E. L. Wolf) Hultén (エゾニワトコ), 33. Aesculus turbinata Bl. (トチノキ), 34. Picrasma quassioides (D. Don) Benn. (ニガキ), 35. Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle (シンジュ), 36. Rhus trichocarpa Miq. (ヤマウルシ), 37. Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch. (ツタ), 38. Tilia japonica (Miq.) Simonkai (シナノキ), 39. Magnolia obovata Thunb. (ホオノキ), 40. Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb. var. grosseserrata Rehd. Wils. (ミズナラ), 41. Maackia amurensis Rupr. et Maxim. (イヌエンジュ), 42. Staphylea bumalda DC. (ミツバウツギ)

Phyllotaxy or phyllotaxis (葉序)

1) Verticil (輪生葉序)

= verticillate phyllotaxis (whorled phyllotaxis)
Opposite, decussate or superposed phyllotaxis (対生葉序): one of the verticillate phyllotaxes

2) Alternate phyllotaxis (互生葉序)

3) Specific phyllotaxis (特殊型)

Foliage (葉群): a mass noun that refers to leaves as a feature of plants.

Plant leaves, especially tree leaves, considered as a group
A cluster of leaves